Saturday, March 31, 2012

what if

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what if there were peace in the middle east


what if there were peace in your heart


what if everyone knew how to drive and all drove alike


what if


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what if our children could play outside without my incessant worrying about them being abducted


what if we didnt have to die


what if everyone had a home and no one went hungry


what if


what if school was over


what if no one ever was depressed or suicidal or homicidal


what if there were no OJ Simpson or Scott Peterson or Ted Bundy


Oh wait there is no Ted Bundy anymore


ZAP


Zap


zap


what if I could buy the world a coke


what if we all danced to the beat of one drum


what if


what if


what if


what if I didnt write this paper


what if you had done something meaningful in the time it took you to read this nonsense


what if we all, everyone of us did something meaningful to someone else everyday of our lives.


but alas, I was cut off in traffic twice today, given the finger once (for stopping for a pedestrian in the crosswalk)


My significant other came home from work today in a bad mood because he had to deal with the public


you the public


you know who you are


My child vomitted all over my new throw rug


Life is not a bitch


LIFE IS A MAN


what could be a bigger insult than that


who knows who cares and what does any of it matter


nothing matters now and never will matter in the future nor has anything ever mattered in the past


the past


yesterday, a month ago, a billion years ago, a billion years from now will anyone know you even existed


so why do we stress about anything because nothing matters especially nursing school


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Friday, March 30, 2012

Analysis of Burger King Architecture

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September 5


Art Appreciation


Writing Assignment Analysis of the Two Burger King Restaurants


by Wesley Ker-Fox


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Burger King Restaurants was started in Miami,Florida as a single restaurant in 154. The intention of the founder was to create a restaurant where fast service,good food and reasonable pricing were priorities. The Fast-food craze had begun and the chance to expand and experiment in this business had too.


Location plays a massive part in any business as one can not survive on word of mouth alone. A hopeful franchise owner must have something that complies with the criteria for a site ; 5 000+ square feet , on a corner , high traffic on two major streets around it and good visibility for signage and building.


“We search for the best sites within each trade area of a market in order to provide the greatest customer convenience. We found that our customers prefer restaurants that are on the way to their final destinations , are easy to see , easy to get in and out of , have a drive-through window and have plenty of parking.”(Taken from Burger King website)


Our Burger King on Gentian Avenue certainly fulfils every one of these criteria. The Burger king on Wynnton Road seems to have followed another set of rules! But let’s keep in mind that criteria can change over time...


Early Burger King Restaurants distinguished themselves from other restaurants by their self-serve ordering and outdoor patio seating.Burger King Pioneered dining rooms when they enclosed the patios in 157.For the first time fast-food eaters could comfortably (key word) eat their food at a table inside a restaurant.Burger King also started offering franchises around this time so could we make up a possible scenario as to why the Burger King in Wynnton Road looks different to others?


A man notes the popularity of the Burger King Restaurant and buys a franchise to start one up in Columbus.The emphasis on comfortable fast-food eating leads him into not building a stereotypical fast-food restaurant but to rather convert his home into a Burger King.A home generally has an attractive front lawn so he decides to leave it as it is and make the parking lot at the back. The front lawn and home-like look add to the aim of comfortable eating. Drive-throughs only originated in 175 so , noting the business’s popularity as a homey environment , he decides against converting the front lawn into a parking lot and drive-through and keeps the traffic at the back instead.


So that’s a possible reason to Wynnton Road’s being different but Gentian Avenue’s is rather odd looking too.The round windows like portholes and railings on top of the building give me the impression of some sort of a boat , like a yacht or ocean liner. Was the architect himself a keen sailor and was inspired by a ship or is he merely appealing to the traveler? Whatever the reason , the size makes it difficult to avoid.





The big Burger King signs outside the restaurants are unmistakable and pose as a simple but effective advertising agent. The large parking lot of the Gentian Avenue’s Burger King serves as a subconscience lure as well. The lot will most likely never be full which leads one into thinking that the restaurant is not as busy as it actually seems.


Being a tourist myself, I am naturally drawn towards the mammoth Gentian Avenue Burger King because I don’t have one back home. However, the cosy looking Wynnton Road Burger King appeals more to me because it’s what im used to.





Bibliography Burger King’s Website -www.burgerking.com


www.burgerking.com


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Wednesday, March 28, 2012

"Thoughts from the Tao-te Ching."

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On first reading Thoughts from the Tao-te Ching was extremely confusing. How can one do nothing and yet leave nothing undone? What exactly does that mean? So I read it for a second time and this time I focused on the real world meaning of what this man was trying to say and I came to some conclusions. The Tao-te Ching was not only written for government officials, but for all people for a better life. In his writing, time after time, Lao-Tzu encourages the master to be democratic, letting the people govern themselves, peaceful toward enemies, and as a master, to be content with yourself and not try to change others.


Democracy is something that we as Americans experience as a reality. But in the days of Lao-Tzu, the word democracy was non-existent. In his text Lao-Tzu brought up this idea of a happier society where the people govern themselves. “If you want to be a great leader, you must learn to follow the Tao. Stop trying to control. Let go of fixed plans and concepts, and the world will govern itself.” It has to be admitted that Lao-Tzu lived in a much simpler time than we do today. It was a time when the Greeks worshiped Gods such as Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, and Athena. As simple as it might have been, the words that this ancient philosopher spoke still stand true today. Paragraph 17 verse 4, Lao-tzu speaks of being a good master. “When the Master governs, the people are hardly aware that he exists. Next best is a leader who is loved. Next one who is feared. The worst is one who is despised.” These are simple and pure truths, they stand today and I believe they will stand forever.


Furthermore, the Tao has one message that is constant; above all else; choose peace. Lao-Tzu explains that you should not even rejoice in a victory because you are rejoicing in the slaughter of men. Paragraph 1, verse 0 says, “Weapons are the tools of fear; a decent man will avoid them except in the direst necessity and, if compelled, will use them only with the utmost restraint.” Here is a quote from an AOL News article. “A sex offender was convicted of capital murder Wednesday in the slaying of a 5-year-old girl whose abduction from a Wal-Mart was captured on the stores security camera.” I sat and wondered, what would Lao-tzu say about something like that? There is no doubt that this world has gotten so violent it seems as if there is no turning back. Living in today’s society, it is extremely hard to imagine the kind of world Lao-tzu would create. Paragraph 5, verse says, “The great way is easy, yet people prefer the side paths. Be aware when things are out of balance. Stay centered within the Tao.” What does staying centered within the Tao mean exactly? I believe he means “centered” is to find that personal, peaceful, spiritual place, and do not move from it. Leave all of the distractions of the world behind and stay centered within the Tao. Paragraph 0, verse 17 says, “Whoever relies on the Tao in governing men doesn’t try to force issues or defeat enemies by force of arms. For every force there is a counterforce. Violence, even well intentioned, always rebounds upon oneself.” Here the “counterforce” that he speaks of is death, destruction and sorrow. Today, in our civilization, we see this “counterforce” more and more.


In addition, “The Master does his job and then stops. He understands that the universe is forever out of control, and that trying to dominate events goes against the current of the Tao. Because he believes in himself, he doesn’t try to convince others.” In his writing, Lao-tzu makes it very clear that, in his opinion, the world is out of control. This is a fact that plays itself out with each passing day. The only control you have is over yourself and even that is something to question. So if we can not change the world then why do good deeds, why attempt to transform people and situations? That is the essence of the Tao, because Lao-tzu doesn’t believe that people are essentially bad, but that the things around them are what corrupts our society. “Throw away holiness and wisdom, and people will be a hundred times happier. Throw away morality and justice, and people will do the right thing. Throw away industry and profit, and there won’t be any thieves.” What that says to me is it is not we who create our society, but our society is what creates us. If everybody followed the Tao, we would live in the perfect world, but as it is our world is not perfect. Despite that, Lao-tzu encourages us to leave it as it is.


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In closing, in paragraph 67, verse 56, Lao-Tzu states, “Some say that my teaching is nonsense. Others call it lofty but impractical. But to those who have looked inside themselves, this nonsense makes perfect sense. And to those who put it into practice, this loftiness has roots that go deep.” In the beginning, these words were nonsense to me. I thought they were impractical and impossible to achieve, but I only had to look deep inside myself to see the truths that this great man was trying to teach humanity. Truths of democracy, peace, and to stay centered within the Tao.


Maybe if the whole world followed Lao-Tzu’s teachings the world would be a better place. However, this perfected state is unachievable.


Lao-tzu was without a doubt a man of the people. He wanted the people to be free to express themselves, he wanted tranquility, and he wanted them to believe in themselves. When he wrote the Tao-te Ching, Lao-tzu was assuming that as a human race we are inherently good. That if you take away the guns, the pornography, and all knowledge of what is wretched in this world everything will be harmonious and good. Unfortunately we are part of what is wrong and it is not society that corrupts us, but it is we that corrupt society.





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Guns for Fun?

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How many times have you been watching television or reading the newspaper and the top story is a teen or child shooting? In my life I have read or watched about this on television about three times in my area. Now these were accidental shootings, but how did these kids get the guns in the first place? No ten year old kid is going to walk into a gun shop and purchase a gun. If the gun shop owner did this, he or she should be placed in prison and have their shop taken away. My guess is that the gun was probably their parents or their friend’s parents. Either way, what in the world is the parents thinking when they let children have access to these guns? If they are incapable of the responsibility of owning a gun, they should have not even been able to purchase one in the first place. If they were responsible, they should have taken better precautions to have never let this happen. I feel that there should be more stipulations in order to own a gun in the United States. In the United States gun control is a very critical issue and should be taken very seriously.


According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in 1, about twenty-nine thousand Americans were killed by guns in the United States. About ten thousand of these deaths were due to murder. According to the Illinois Council Against Handgun Violence (ICHU), twenty-eight thousand Americans were killed in 000. Although the numbers are falling this is still an overwhelming number of people being killed by guns in the United States. According to the ICHU, nine children are being killed by guns everyday in the United States. This is just plain and simply immoral. If the gun makers ever planned this they should have been shot themselves. Even though you can’t change the past, why don’t we plan for a better future? If gun manufactures can make all of the improvements to guns, why can’t they make more improvements to guns that would better safety? Yes, no improvement would work if the people were not educated. So why doesn’t the government make it mandatory that if a person wants to own a gun, then they should have to pass a test. I mean, you have to pass a written and practical test in order to get your driver’s license. The government should to the same thing to people that want to get a gun.


If you would read about the Bush administration, do you think you would read about gun control? No you wouldn’t. Not even the congress has done anything about it according to the Washington Post, “Domestic Gunfire.” Some gun manufactures have said that they would make guns safer, but a gun is only as safe as the person that owns the gun. I mean, you could have the world’s safest gun, and give it to an irresponsible criminal and that gun would not be that safe. Education is the only way that I believe a difference can be made. In my mind I don’t think that the government really cares about gun control. How many times have you heard one of the presidential candidates talk about gun control? I myself have not heard very much about it. These people want to talk about pressing issues, then why don’t they talk about the gun control issue? If someone was talking about gun control I would defiantly listen. And I know that many other people would also listen to what was being said.


I know what you’re thinking, “this doesn’t happen in my neighborhood,” but that’s what I thought. And guess what, we are wrong. According to the website Goods For Guns, in a twelve month period from December 001 through November 00, 10 people died by guns in Allegheny County in Pennsylvania. Sixty-three were due to homicide and fifty-seven were due to suicide. This just doesn’t happen in big cities. It can happen in your own neighborhood. A few years ago, about two miles from my house, a local postmaster shot and killed his boy and wife then killed his self. No one ever thought this was going to happen, but it did. This might have been prevented, or it might have not. No one will ever know. I feel that there should be a license required with all guns. This includes handguns, rifles and shotguns. This license should have to be renewed every year. If you fail to renew your license, every gun you own would be confiscated. When you retest and pass your license test, you can have your guns back with a fine. This would discourage people that don’t really care about guns to just give them up. And if they don’t, put them in jail until they give up the guns and give them a hefty fine. I’m not saying that the second amendment is wrong; it’s just that there should be an extreme to the amendment. If a person is wrongfully using guns, they should loose their privileges to ever own a gun again.


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Gun control in the United States has to make a dramatic change before things really get out of hand. Even though I feel they are already out of hand, the government should take a long look at the situation and come up with an extraordinary solution to the overwhelming problem. If there is no change in the United States, this issue will get too large to ever get a handle on. The United States government should come up with a solution now, so that we will be able to live in the future with the feeling of security and freedom. We should not have to worry about these issues that the government should be taking care of.


Federal Bureau of Investigation. “ Crime in the United States.” Pub 000


Good For Guns, received on May 4, 00 from http//goodsforguns.org/ nationalfacts/index.htm


Illinois Council Against Handgun Violence, received on May 4, 00 from http//www.ichu.org/statistics.htm


Washington Post, received on May 4, 00 from http//www.washingtonpost.com/ wp-dyn/articles/A767-00Apr5.html


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Tuesday, March 27, 2012

Stories of the innocent

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Stories of the Innocent


It has been known around the world that men sometimes get themselves into serious problems that they later regret. In many cases it could be a fight, smoking marijuana to be cool, or something you may not want to talk about. The effects can be drastic the loss of a potential friend, giving people the wrong impression about you, and in many instances a record of expulsion or suspension that can hinder you from attending a job or school. The underlying cause is the great need for conformity, which in males means breaking the rules.


Peer pressure can cause someone to do things he would never do. I lost a potential friend because of peer pressure. I was in high school at the time, the beginning of the eleventh grade. A new student was put into the chemistry class that I was taking. Little did I know that my friends could make me confront this person in an aggressive manner. They told me that he looked at me wrong. And that if I didn’t do something about it than I would be known as a punk throughtout my school. Peer pressure caused me to fight this person. I won the fight, but the real champion was the new student. I would not even call it a fight. I would call it a sign of my weakness. Because of this I was punished and suspended from school. Once my mother found out it was all over. She took my car and my TV from me. I was not proud of what had happened. I had no motives or reasons to do what I had done.


There was one memorable occasion when I gave someone the wrong impression about me. I wanted to show this girl how cool I was. I didn’t think she thought that I was cool enough to be her boyfriend. I did something I had never thought about doing. I smoked marijuana. I thought her seeing me smoke the drug would be cool. It wasn’t cool. In her exact words, “Lacaya that is disgusting. I was starting to like you.” Just that quick she had changed her mind about me, all because I wanted to be cool for someone who already thought that I was.


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Suspension and expulsion can be the results of something unthinkable. Living in the District of Columbia all my life has taken a toll on a close friend of mine. The violence and the drugs are what he saw and heard each and every day. I know it sounds strange, but the influences around him are what kept him on his toes. He tried his best to conform to those older than him. I guess he tried too hard to be what they wanted him to be. Most of his troubles came to him in school or at work. I remember when I was in the sixth grade. John was known for his fighting skills and his temper, no one could top him. Many would say that he was a bully. John was used to himself getting into people’s face, not them getting into his. One day he had brought to school a six-inch blade, with a chrome grip that one of the older guys around our home had given him. He had threatened a student with the blade prior to the unthinkable event. Why, because one of the older guys said that it would be cool if he’d stab someone. As the saying goes, “ do unto others, as you would have them do unto you.” So how did the student know that John was behind him? He turned around and stabbed John in the stomach. I saw it all. After words, John was sent to the hospital, in a Body Bag. The predator became the prey. The student that killed John was expelled from school and unknowingly created a record that he will later regret.


What is the reason for conformity? Many would argue, to prove a point, to be known by others or just to be cool. We as human beings have yet to figure this out. So to please the masses we’ll say every reason is a good reason for conformity.





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Why Write

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Why Write even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Why Write in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.



One might ponder the question of what purpose there is in writing. Why write? Other than the obvious reasons of writing, I would like to present my beliefs and ideas explaining just a few benefits of writing that I benefit from personally.


Writing has been an aid for me in many ways. I am able to fully and intelligently express my feelings and beliefs much better in writing than in actually speech. There have been times when I expressed my feelings toward a person, either it be in anger or love, only in writing. I was unable to say those certain feelings that made me uncomfortable in speech, where I would began to lose my train of thought and begin to mumble incoherently. I have realized that my point of view is better expressed in writing. I have also realized that I tend to sound more intelligent and mature in writing than in verbal communication, which results in I being taken more seriously and professionally.


Writing has also been an aid of venting for me. When I get to the point that I can no longer bottle up my feelings any longer, I pour them out on paper. It is almost like writing is a form of communication even when it is not shared with anyone. Writing out my feelings creates a sense of relief, as in if I have actually released my emotions on the paper and no longer feel as stressed as before.


I considered journalism as a major once. In writing for the media, I dreamed of writing something that would have a big impact in the world. Writing is a powerful tool not taken seriously enough. I dreamed of writing stories that would change the way people thought and maybe even in a small way change the world in a positive way; however, I chose photography, because a picture is worth a thousand words.


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Writing has many advantages for people. It allows us to be heard in a form different than in speaking. Many people suffer from the fear of speaking in front of large groups. In writing, they can express their opinions and beliefs freely without worry of their beliefs not being interpreted correctly, or even at all. Writing also educates and informs us, something the public likes. This would explain the popularity of the newspaper mass media.


I noticed it was a cold and dark night as I slowly headed up the broken antique stairs. A flash of lightening made me jump in fear, almost causing me to lose my balance. As it began to rain, I realized the place smelled of mildew and the stairs were covered in paint chippings from the wall. There was a door slightly open at the top of the stairs. I noticed the door knob was broken off as I reached for it. All of a sudden, it slammed shut! Writing is the key to the door of the world of fantasy. It entertains us and allows us to escape reality one chapter at a time. It creates characters that we fall in love with because we can identify with them so well. They feel what we feel, and this allows us to remind ourselves that we are not the only ones in the world that feel that certain way.


I believed I have expressed my reasons for writing in this letter. I could go on naming the many benefits of writing, like trying to get an A in your writing class; however, I feel as if I have explained the more important reasons of writing for me personally. Some people claim they have no talent for writing. Is this a possibility? Like in art, does one have to be born of the talent? I don’t know the answer to those questions. I do not even know if I would label myself a good writer. I usually write for myself. If it sounds good to me, then I think it is good, and that is all that matters to me. In most my writing, my style may not be proper, and I may not follow the writing rules correctly, but I tend to like the sense of feeling I get from it more.





Mind that the sample papers like Why Write presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

Monday, March 26, 2012

Turner

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According to Frederick Jackson Turner, what was the influence of the frontier on American History?


· The frontier was the most important shaping force in American History


· A return to primitive conditions as the frontier advanced westward


· The frontier’s impact on America’s past was what made Americans unique and exceptional


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· Democracy, nationalism, individualism and physical and social mobility could be directly linked to the frontier


· The meeting point between savagery and civilization


· At the frontier the environment is at first too strong for the man


· The advance of the frontier has meant a steady movement away from the influence of Europe, a steady growth of independence on American lines


· Isolation of regions increased the need for internal transportation improvements


Specifically, how did it cultivate American democracy and individualism? In what ways do the historians in ‘Western History Why the Past may Be Changing’ agree or disagree with Turner? What do you think?


Transportation


Exploration


Nationalism


Democracy


Individualism


Independence


Power


Indian dependence


Industrial Independence


Turner believed that the advance on the frontier reduced America’s dependence on England for supplies. As the advancing frontier line drew away from the coast it became more difficult for England to transport her supplies to these new settlements.


· South was dependent on the north for some articles of food


· South lacked diversified industries


· North had what industries?


· North was dependent on ?


· North was successfully producing their own bread, flour, beer, hams, bacon . . . . what new townships began to supply the south with these things??? Townships appearing because of the frontier in between north and south???


· The effect of the frontier on the north is that cities on the coastline ?????





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ants

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like ants even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like ants in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.



Ant, common name for members of a family of about ,000 species of insects that live in highly organized societies called colonies. Ant colonies have elaborate social structures in which the various activities necessary for feeding, shelter, and reproduction of the colony are divided among specially adapted individuals.


ANT SPECIES


Ants belong to an order of insects called the Hymenoptera, a group that also includes bees, wasps, and sawflies. Some species of wasp and bees resemble ants in that they live in colonies and are therefore said to be social, but ants are the only hymenopterans in which every species is social. Ants are distinguished from other hymenopterans in that they have bent, or elbowed


TYPES OF ANTS


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Scientists classify the 15,000 species of ants according to the exact shapes of the parts of their bodies, such as legs, antennae (feelers), and jaws. We can group ants more simply by the way the live. Such groups include many different kinds of ants.


Harvester Ants


Harvester Ants live in warm, dry, sandy places. With their jaws they pick up seeds or cut them from weeds and grasses. They store the kernels inside their nests and throw the husks outside the entrances. Sometimes they throw seeds away by mistake. Then the seeds may grow in a ring around the entrance just as if they had been planted. If the stored seeds get damp, the ants spread them in the sun to dry.


Harvester ants are long-legged, red or black ants, often 1/ inch (8 mm.), long. Most have a painful sting. Harvester ants are especially common in the southwestern United States, but live as far east as Kansas. You can sometimes see the mounds of their nests beside the highways as you drive along in your car.


Honey Ants


Honey Ants live on sweet juices. Some collect the juices from flowers. Others collect honeydew, the thin sirup that certain plant-sucking insects drop from their abdomens. Leafhoppers, treehoppers, and aphids (plant lice) are among the insects that produce





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honeydew. One kind of honey ant uses the sweet liquid that oozes from insect galls on oak trees.


Sometimes plants are not green and the plant-sucking insects go away or die. The ants cannot find enough food. To prepare for such times, the ants store honey in their nests. The ants do not make cups of wax or paper as bee and wasps do. Instead, they use their own bodies to store the honey. A few young ants keep swallowing honey until they become round as peas. They are too fat to walk or work. These “honey-pots” hang from the ceiling of the nest. They drink more and more sweet juice. Soon they are unable to move because of the size of their swollen abdomens. For the rest of their lives, they hang by their feet from the ceiling. When hungry ants come for food, the storage ants give up honey through their mouths. When the colony has plenty of food, the other ants fill up the honey-pot ants again. A large nest may have as many 00 of these living food-storage tanks.


Fire Ants


The fire ant was accidentally brought to Alabama from southern Brazil around 140. It was spread further in nursery plants and sod, and now occurs in most of the southwestern United States. The fire ant depends on human disturbance of natural landscapes it constructs its earthen mounds in lawns, roadsides, and pastures. Generally regarded as a pest, the fire ant can be determined to some forms of agriculture, but beneficial to others. Moreover, it is an energetic stinger and may cause medical problems in people sensitive to its sting.


Fire ant colonies contain no to about 00,000 workers. They feed primarily on insects, honeydew, and various scavenged foods. Each colony defends a territory of about 186 sq m (roughly ,000 sq ft) against its neighbors, limiting the number of colonies that can share a piece of land. The workers travel to all parts of their territory in underground tunnels that radiate out from the central mound. Almost all traffic moves in these tunnels; it is only within the last few centimeters of their destination that foraging workers emerge from the tunnels.


Fire ants exist in two social forms with very different ways of life. Colonies of the single-queen form are simple families that are territorial, reproduce by sending out winged queens to start new colonies, and have workers that vary greatly in size. In contrast, each mound of the multi-queen form contains many unrelated families, is not territorial, and reaches much higher populations. The ecological impact of the multiple queen form is much greater than that of the single-queen form, reducing the diversity of native ants and other insects.


Army Ants and Driver Ants


Army ants create nomadic hunting colonies, many of which live entirely underground. One of the best known army ants is the Burchell’s army ant, found in Central and South


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America. In this species, colonies of about 500,000 workers, all of whom are blind, send out long raiding columns each day to collect prey, which are commonly other insects or spiders. The columns of hunting ants form a swarm that covers the forest floor, flushing prey from hiding. They then use their mandibles to kill and dismember their victims. These huge colonies consume so much available prey in a given area that they need to be constantly on the move to find more food.


In place of permanent nest structures, army ant workers grasp one another’s legs to form hanging sheets of ants, called bivouacs. Within these living nests, army ants protect and feed the queen and her young. The colony moves to a new bivouac site every night until the larvae pupate and no longer need feeding. Then the colony stays in one nest for about three weeks while the queen lays about 100,000 to 000,000 eggs in just a few days. After these eggs hatch, the colony resumes its nomadic life.


Army ants found in Africa are called driver ants. Driver ants form huge colonies, which in some cases consist of between 10 million and 0 million workers. Driver ants have extremely powerful mandibles. Their massive swarms are capable of immobilizing and killing large prey.


Leafcutter or Parasol Ants


These ants cut pieces from leaves and flowers to carry back to their nests. They look as though they are carrying parasols as they walk along carrying leaves high off the ground. They have large heads and jaws, shiny bodies, and their color ranges from black to rusty brown.


These ants do not eat the leaves. They chew them into a damp mash which they put in special rooms in their nests. A kind of spongy mushroom grows on decying leaves. The ants eat this mushroom and also feed it to their young.


Slave-Making Ants


These ants do not do their own work. They capture ants of different species to work for them. The Amazon ant is one kind that cannot live without slaves. Their jaws are long and sharp, and so curved that they cannot dig nests or even feed themselves.


Some slave-making ants are quite able to their own work. They probably do not intend to capture slaves. They bring home the cocoons or pupae of other ants to eat. Some of these ants hatch before they are eaten. The young ants then go to work as if they belonged in the colony.





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Ants That Keep “Cows”


Some kinds of ants eat honeydew but they do not store it. Instead, these ants take care of insects that produce honeydew and live on plants near the ant nest. These insects provide


food for plants near the ant nest. These insects provide food for the ant colony. The ants keep aphids, leafhoppers, and certain caterpillars for honeydew, just as farmers keep cows for milk. Ants “milk” their “cows” by stroking the insects back with their antennae. The insect then drops honeydew from its abdomen. The ants defend their insect “cows” from enemies. They often carry the insects from one plant to another to find the best feeding places. Some ants even take their “livestock” into their nests during the winter and care for them there.


HABITAT


Ants live on landmasses all over the world, except for the permanently frozen Artic and Antarctic, the coldest mountaintops, and a few islands. They flourish in soil, rotting wood, leaf litter, dead trees, and living trees in such varied habitats as mountains, deserts, swamps, and human homes. Ants are most abundant in the tropical regions. In the rain forests of the Amazon, ants are so numerous that their total weight is about four times the weight of all the area’s mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians combined.


Ants play crucial roles in the ecosystems in which they live. Many species dig underground nests that have numerous openings and tunnels. Air and water passes into the soil through these passageways, making oxygen and moisture available to the roots of plants. Seed-eating ants remove seeds from plants and transfer them to underground storage chambers within their nests. This activity disperses the seeds, so that some of them can sprout in areas that are distant from the parent plants. Ants of many species feed on other insects, which may be either living or dead. In this way ants can reduce the size of some other insect populations and recycle organic matter. Ants are a source of food for other animals, such as spiders, other insects, woodpeckers, blue jays; toads, salamanders, and turtles; and anteaters, armadillos, and aardvarks. A few and species are considered pests because they sting, invade human houses and yards, or damage wooden buildings.


COLONY LIFE


Ant colonies range in size from a few members to many millions of members. Members of an ant colony typically fall into categories known as castes, each with a different role


The majority of colony members are female workers ants that are unable to mate.


Worker ants do not have wings and perform most of the work of the colony searching for food, nursing young, and defending the colony against ants from other colonies. Queens are larger than worker ants and are the only females of the colony capable of mating. Queens are born with wings which break off after mating. Aside from mating with the queens, males play no social role in colony life and die soon after mating.


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BODY FEATURES





Most ants are between and 10 mm long. Some ants are 0.7 mm in length, and others are nearly cm long. Like other insects, ants have bodies that contain three major segments the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. Scientists use other terms to designate the second two segments of an ant’s body-alitrunk corresponds to the thorax, and gaster corresponds to the abdomen.


The Head


The shape of the ant head varies among different species it may be spherical, triangular, egg-shaped, or rectangular. In all ants, at the back of the head is an opening through which nerves, the beginning part of the digestive tract, and blood pass into the alitrunk.


At the front of the head is the mouth, which is associated with three appendages, or mouthparts. The mandibles sometimes described as jaws, are long and broad, and they are serrated, or toothed, along their inner sides. The mandibles are probably the most important work tool that ants possess. They are used for digging, carrying, collecting food, building nests, fighting and cutting. The other mouth appendages are the maxillae, which is the lower jaw used for chewing foods to extract liquids, and the tongue for sucking up liquid food. The mouthparts also have two pairs of slender palpi these segmented structures resemble a small antennae, which play a role in tasting food.





Most ants have two compound eyes each are made of light-sensitive compartments called ommatidia. Other types of ants have three simple eyes called ocelli on the tops of their heads. Different species have developed sight, but some are completely blind. Vision is rather unimportant to ants because they spend much of their time underground.


At the front of the head is a pair of antennae, which contain organs of taste, smell and touch. Most ants’ antennae are elbow-shaped, somewhat like a human arm. An ant’s main source of information is its pair of antennae. Ants use their antennae to find out about their surroundings.


Alitrunk and Petiole


Joined to the head is the middle part of the body known as the alitrunk. Attached to the alitrunk are three pairs of legs. Each leg is jointed and has a claw at the end; used for gripping hard to grasp surfaces. The legs are not only used for walking and running, but also for more skillful tasks, including handling food and carrying supplies. The two front legs have miniature combs used for cleaning the ant ant its antennae. In males and young queens, the alitrunk holds two pairs of wings inside.


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Just behind the alitrunk is the narrow petiole. The petiole is usually a two-segmented section that appears to be a waist. This body part aids the ant when it is going through winding underground passages.


The Gaster


The gaster is the hindermost section of the ant. The gaster contains the heart, most of the digestive system, the reproductive system and the excretory system. When the ant’s digestive system is full of food, the gaster expands by ballooning out.








DIGESTION


Adult ants are able to digest only liquid foods. Ants that obtain food from solids first have to mix digestive juices into the food to help dissolve it. Then they use their tongues to lap up the resulting juices and semi-liquid food. Inside the mouth any leftover solid foods enter a chamber beneath the mouth opening. Within the chamber lies a series of screens, which filter out the solid food and turn it into a solid pellet that the ant soon removes from its mouth. From the mouth, the food is passed into an organ called the crop. Once the ant reaches the colony it regurgitates most of the food for other workers to eat. A valve called proventriculus in the inner section of the crop lets a trickle of food pass into the ants’ mid-gut, where it is digested.


SOLUTION COMPONENTS


Sucrose was added to deionized water, to obtain sweet flavor.


When mixed with deionized water, Sodium chloride created a salty flavor.


Citric acid added to deionized water, made a sour flavor.


When Caffeine was mixed with deionized water, it resulted a bitter flavor.


Deinonized water was the substance that was considered control.


SUMMARY


Although ants are sometimes considered a household pest, they are able to perform many necessary functions inside ecosystems. They turn soil, move organic matter and soil nutrients, reduce insect populations, serve as food for other animals, disperse seeds, and sometimes pollinate flowers. In agriculture, they are the most important predators of insects, helping to keep pests under control.


Many species dig underground nests with several openings and passageways. Air and water can pass through these tunnels, providing oxygen and moisture for our plant roots. Ants play a very important part in our world.


Americans of the southwestern United States sometimes eat honeypot ants as a sweet treat or a form of medicine. In Europe, various species of ants are intentionally


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introduced to timber forests, where they prey on caterpillars, preventing them from eating leaves on trees. People in the American tropics sometimes welcome army ants in their homes. These people temporarily move out of their homes while the ants sweep through and consume or drive out any pests that may have infested the home.


The activities of ants occasionally bring them into conflicts with humans. A number of ants have become pests, particularly those that have been accidentally transported outside of their natural range. One example is the fire ant. Another ant pest widely transported by humans is the pharaoh’s ant, which is native to North Africa but has spread throughout much of the world. The pharaoh’s ant cannot tolerate cold temperatures, and so in cold climates it lives in human houses and in other large, heated buildings, such as hospitals and factories. Perhaps the most widespread ant pest is the Argentine ant. Carpenter ants, native to North America, live in timber instead of soil. Once, inside a human home, they make their nests within wooden structures, which they hollow out with their sharp mandibles.


Just as ants sometimes cause harm to humans, humans are a source of harm to ants. Little information is available about endangered species of ants, but scientists suspect many species of ants may be in danger of extinction. The most vulnerable ant species are those that live only in a small geographic area and require a specific type of habitat. An example is a type of leafcutter ant that lives in coastal forests in Brazil. Army ants are increasingly threatened by humans. Army ants live in tropical forests and cannot survive in areas where these forests have been destroyed.





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Sports Ethics Insights


Brawls should result in automatic ejection


Beanings and brawls make pitchers and hitters look foolish, writes SI.com columnist Phil Taylor, but, more important, there is too much potential for injury. Taylor suggests adding two rules (1) Any pitcher who hits a batter in the face or head is automatically ejected from the game. Intent doesnt matter. () Any player who joins a fight is automatically ejected from the game, suspended from the next, and fined. See Dumb and dumber, Phil Taylor, SI.com, June , 00.


MLB will use bully pulpit to discourage brawling


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Despite the spate of melees, writes USA Todays Rod Beaton, baseball doesnt see the need to employ the kind of fight-prevention rules that leagues such as the NBA and NHL have enacted over the years. For what MLB plans to do and what measures other leagues have taken, see New wave of brawls concerns baseball, Rod Beaton, USA TODAY, June , 00, and How others handle fighting, USA TODAY, June , 00, Page 8C.


Baseballs nonchalance about brawling questioned


The fact of the matter is, according to Deron Snyder, who writes for Southwest Floridas News-Press, baseball virtually condones the tradition of batters charging the mound, players clearing the benches and relievers sprinting in from the bullpen. In their heart of hearts, commissioner Bud Selig and his minions�and all of their predecessors�must secretly relish the occasional, mostly harmless, outbursts. They must believe it adds a certain machismo, an element of danger and excitement welcome by most fans. He opines that MLB can stop them almost instantly and completely. How? Give any joker who steps foot outside the bullpen and anyone leaving either dugout an automatic, 0-game suspension. As for how to treat charging hit batsmen and plunking pitchers, see Baseball, bash your brawlers, Deron Snyder, The News-Press, June 16, 00.


Stopping sports terrorism will require ethics cops


Condemning sports terrorists, sports columnist Sam Donnellon writes, Disguised as fans, almost always emboldened by liquor, they have managed with stupid and dangerous acts to frighten and endanger players, officials and fans, and to embarrass major cities worldwide. They need to be stopped. Now. As usual, when citizen indignity and disrespect prevail, we need to resort to legislation. The proof is in what Donnellon urges Lets create laws that make baseball a spectator sport again, so those looking to relax with a beer and a dog can do so, so those of us who would like to take our children to a game dont have to sit in a special section. For his suggestions, see The Sports Terrorists, Sam Donnellon, The Philadelphia Daily News, June 1, 00.


What does integrity go for?


Reacting to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays bargain signing of shortstop Julio Lugo, accused by Houston police of assaulting his wife Mabel Lugo, sports columnist John Romano debates the Rays integrity and team ethics. See Signing Lugo not the best of values, John Romano, The St. Petersburg Times, May 16, 00.


Greater accountability needed to solve spectator aggression


Sports organizations, says sportswriter Robert Lipsyte, should take more responsibility for the increase in bad fan behavior before the majority of average, silent customers are driven away from the game. Urging that sports team executives and the advertisers and media that support them create a climate of toleration�one that makes spectator aggression an accepted part of the game, Lipsyte quotes Christian End, a social psychologist at the University of Missouri-Rolla Teams encourage fans to get involved because it sells tickets and products. They refer to the football crowd as the 1th man. They call for noisy support. By activating a higher level of identity among their fans, they also help make the other team and its fans the enemy. In such a setting, a small group of fans will take it to the next level of aggression. For what can be done, what should be done, and what will happen if we do nothing, see Team owners bear some blame for unruly fans, Robert Lipsyte, USA TODAY, May 7, 00.


Booze, bad boys and ballparks


In separate incidents at the same ballpark, four ruffians ran onto the field, with the last tackling an umpire. Everyone agrees, this lawlessness must stop, but what has to happen to end it depends on who�and what�are at fault and who has the power�and the will�to stop it. Until then, ending it will be a matter of luck, not a stroke of genius. ~ Ed.





The most provocative story we found comes from Randy Jones, sports editor of North Carolinas New Bern Sun Journal. Jones thinks that looking for moral outrage where double standards dominate and folks profit � at least indirectly � from sports violence is a wild goose chase. See Fans are copying players, Randy Jones, The New Bern Sun Journal, April 17, 00.





For who should be held accountable (the media, for instance?), see Civic pride takes hit, Jay Mariotti, The Chicago Sun-Times, April 17, 00.





Also looking at the broadcast medias role, sports columnist Phil Mushnick writes ESPNs SportsCenter, Tuesday night, solemnly reported the criminal behavior of the four young punks at that nights White Sox game. … Yet, that same day, ESPN anchor Dan Patrick appeared in a new promo with pro wrestling star Stone Cold Steve Austin, who portrays a beer-swilling, profane and insanely violent character for the enjoyment of the young male demographic. … In the ESPN promo, Patrick, who has also lent himself to Coors beer ads, is seen smashing Austin with a folding chair. How clever. Especially given that pro wrestling is not a sport, what is ESPNs intent here? How does ESPN make shame-shame at the incivility of the young men at Tuesdays White Sox game while attaching itself to Stone Cold, a character whose incivility, to the delight of young, male viewers, is his stock in trade? See Young, Male & Making Bail, Phil Mushnick, New York Post, April 18, 00.





The Chicago Sun-Times Greg Couch doesnt lay the problem solely on, as New York Daily News Lisa Olson artfully put it, there not being enough blood in the his alcohol stream. See No stop sign in sight, Greg Couch, The Chicago Sun-Times, April 17, 00.





For more on the role of alcohol in these scraps, see Alcohol puts a damper on fun and games, Ian OConnor, USA Today, April 17, 00. But if you think banning the sale of beer will solve the problem, forget it, says sports columnist Dale Robertson, who explains in green terms why that wont happen�and what should. See Throw the book at hooligans, Dale Robertson, The Houston Chronicle, April 16, 00.


Sexual assault gets a free pass … sometimes


When college athletes are accused of sexual assault, but arent convicted, should they be allowed to retain their scholarships and to resume their sports? In her column about how differently sexual assaults by three mid-west college basketball players were handled Carol Slezak looks at some of the factors that seem to sway college administrators thinking about the ethics of privilege, prestige and punishment. See A matter of chance, Carol Slezak, The Chicago Sun-Times, February 1, 00.


Post-game violence warning





Sports writer Mark Kram vividly depicts a hypothetical post-game celebration that starts out innocently but escalates into a melee. For insight as to what causes fan riots and how they might be curtailed, see At a loss for answers, Mark Kram, Philadelphia Daily News, January , 00.





Speaking of football fan violence, sports columnist Les Carpenter revisits the stabbing and beating incident at the Chargers-Raiders game in San Diego on October , 000. At that game a San Diego fan narrowly escaped death at the hands of a Raiders fan. See San Diego prepares for lawless Raiders, Les Carpenter, The Seattle Times, January , 00.


Iraqi athletes allegedly tortured


Sports writer Michael OKeefe reports A Daily News investigation this month found that hundreds of athletes have been jailed, abused or killed because they failed to bring home medals or win important games, criticized Saddam Husseins regime, or simply became too popular with fans. For more, see IOC probes torture of athletes in Iraq, Michael OKeeffe, Daily News, January 1, 00.


Recent violence mars college and professional football





On celebrating college victories with violence, The New York Times quotes Kent State sociologist Jerry M. Lewis, who specializes in crowd behavior College sports riots usually break out in urban settings and after the home team wins a close game during a big championship. People identify so strongly with these football teams and the competition is getting so intense that fans feel violence is a skill and a way of showing loyalty. Its really all about showing youre part of the team. Theyre predictable, he says, when five factors come into play a natural urban gathering place is available, theres easy access, a championship is at stake, it is a close game and the home team wins. For more insight, see Colleges Pondering Prevention After the Latest Sports Riots, Joe Drape, The New York Times, November 6, 00, and A Fall Tradition Rooting and Rioting for the Home Team, Jeffrey Gettleman, The New York Times, December 1, 00.





On the tradition of snapping goal posts, The New York Times Bill Pennington tells the story of Meg Cimino, who in 18, when she was an 18-year-old college freshman, was struck by steel goal posts felled by celebrating football fans. He writes that the posts fractured her skull and damaged her brain stem and cerebellum. When paramedics found her, he writes, she was bleeding heavily from her mouth, ears and nose, and her heart soon stopped. She had no vital signs. Now, nearly two decades later, when Ms Cimino sees crowds surging onto the field after games she wonders what the reasons are for letting this behavior go on.


Pennington explains how the tradition of toppling goal posts got started and how circumstances have changed such that There are no good reasons for letting it go on. He writes, It is time to do whatever it takes � educating fans, providing extraordinary security or simply greasing the goal posts � to bring a permanent halt to this hazardous ritual. For more on this tragic story, see In the Snap of a Goal Post, Life Can Be Forever Altered, Bill Pennington, The New York Times, November 6, 00.





On violence in professional football, sports columnist Sally Jenkins gives us her take on who is accountable for drawing the line between toughness and violence, between a hard collision and a needlessly violent one, between a disciplined tackle and a cheap shot, an accidental helmet hit and a malicious one, discretionary force to send a message and sheer sadism. She says the NFL can try to regulate football violence, it probably cant realistically legislate it. She thinks [t]he violence level is more realistically established and controlled by the participants, between themselves. Given that players have a choice as to how they play the game, she writes, … violence is as much a matter of a players choices as it is of the rules. To say otherwise is to suggest hes not entirely in command of himself. See NFL Violence Its a Matter Of Choice, Not Just the Rules, Sally Jenkins, The Washington Post, December 1, 00; Page D05.





On the NFLs approach to regulating on-field violence, sports commentator Ron Borges writes, The suits who run pro football show their hypocrisy more and more every week. They fine players for legal as well as illegal body contact. They issue manicured press releases abhorring violence, then sell it every Sunday and in every video game store in America. He says the NFL is teaching and selling violence and that if it really wanted to reduce the violence on the field, they know how to do it. Its by going after the coaches and the management of teams that teach the put a hat on em mentality. Until they do that, theyre attacking the victims, not the problem. See NFL is hypocritical about violence, Ron Borges, MSNBC.com, November 0, 00.





To players, its the height of hypocrisy that a league that baldly markets violence then turns around and disciplines them for it, when its their starting positions and livelihoods at stake. � Sally Jenkins, Washington Post sports columnist


Time to get serious about NBA violence


Writes Chicago Sun-Times sports columnist Why not make the financial penalties so severe that no player would think of throwing a punch? Why not delay a players suspension until the playoffs, when each game matters? Or automatically dock a team thats involved in a fight five games in the standings? Or make fighting an automatic six-week suspension? For insight on whos to blame besides the athletes, see These punch fines are bad joke, Carol Slezak, The Chicago Sun-Times, October , 00.


Time to get serious about NFL violence





For two in-depth looks at the culture of violence in the NFL and the debate over where and how to draw a halt to the dangers without destroying the nature and entertainment value of the game (including an interview with Darryl Stingley, the victim of a paralyzing hit), see N.F.L. Needs to Crack Down on Dangerous Hits, Mike Freeman, The New York Times, November 1, 00, and Hit list, Patrick Saunders, The Denver Post, October 7, 00.





In a new effort to stem helmet-to-helmet hits and hits on defenseless players, NFL commissioner Paul Tagliabue has sent a memo to all head coaches informing them that they could be fined for condoning such hits, and that teams could incur serious sanctions if it can be determined they have paid the fines for penalized or suspended players. See Tagliabue Emphasizes Safety to Coaches, Leonard Shapiro, The Washington Post, November 4, 00; Page D14.


Womans Word and Athletes Honor Are at Odds


For an in-depth look at whats involved and whats at stake when a coach vouched for athletes accused of rape and other wrongdoing, see Womans Word and Athletes Honor Are at Odds, Selena Roberts, The New York Times, October 0, 00.








Nearly 5 years ago former Lakers Kermit Washingtons punch nearly killed Rockets Rudy Tomjanovich, an act that left deep and far-reaching scars on both players and on the game. For a story of contrition and remarkable forgiveness, see 5 years later, all is forgiven, Jonathan Feigen, The Houston Chronicle, August , 00.





Largely written by sportswriter and author Alexander Wolff, Sports Illustrateds Special Report - Munich 17 remembers the events that ended in the tragic deaths of eleven Israeli Olympians at the hands of Palestinian terrorists. Inching inexorably to the grim shootout, Wolff leads us through the plot, the takeover, and the standoff and then rests us on his shoulders as he looks back at the attacks from the present. His feature article, When the Terror Began, is bolstered by four sidebars; two � The Mastermind and Striking Back � are also penned by him. The others are Brian Cazeneuves The American, and Don Yaegers A Painful Visit. For further perspective, Sports Illustrated gives us four flashbacks Kenny Moores Shootings in the Night and Munichs Message, Jerry Kirshenbaums A Sanctuary Violated, and E.L. Doctorows After the Nightmare. To see these articles, click on the hyperlinked title or see the August 6, 00, issue of Sports Illustrated.





Race car driver Tony Stewart has gone beyond apologizing publicly for his violent outburst against a freelance photographer. Hes made an equally public commitment to seek help, and is quoted as saying If it makes me less of a person or less of a man, then so be it. Its what I have to do for myself. This is a major step forward for Stewart, writes sports columnist Jemal Horton, it also just might serve as a signal for all the other hot heads in the world of sports. For more on what Stewarts contrition says, see Give Stewart credit for his major step, C. Jemal Horton, The Indianapolis Star, August 11, 00.





Seeing the handwriting of self-destruction on the wall for NASCARs Tony Stewart (who got into an altercation with a freelance photographer a couple days ago), sports columnist Jemal Horton urges him to, shall we say, take it upon himself to develop healthier life skills. Hortons column shows how complicated inducing proper behavior is when anti-heroes are admired and rewarded for deviant behavior. Just a parent must make difficult decisions about whether and how to punish or discipline a misbehaving child, Nascar and Stewarts other authority figures also face tough, and maybe futile, choices. See Stewart needs to change his ways, C. Jemal Horton, The Indianapolis Star, August 6, 00.





Another bothersome aspect of the latest string of reported domestic abuse by athletes, writes sports columnist Rick Telander, is the lack of remorse or regret shown by some of them. Not that he wants apologies to become easy escapes for bad guys, but taking responsibility and apologizing for bad acts is, he writes, the start of rebirth. Sadly, for many of these rich and famous stars, he notes, Apologizing is seen not as a moral issue, but as a weakening of ones defense strategy. See Just a few regrets, Rick Telander, The Chicago Sun-Times, July 8, 00.





The perception that athletes are more prone than other men to batter women carries a message that sports leaders mustnt ignore, says sportswriter Steve Wilstein of the Associated Press. He writes, Its an issue of image for the leagues that threatens them at the most basic level�popularity and revenue. More than that, its an issue that can have serious repercussions for impressionable young fans, validating brutality and a disregard for the law. Wilstein quotes sports sociologist Richard Lapchick Its really essential that batterers be banned from sports. Not because theres a disproportionate number of athletes who are involved, but because theyre such role models for kids. If kids see athletes get away with hurting a woman, then they might feel that its OK for them, that theyre going to get away with the same thing. See Banning batterers from sports is idea whose time has come, Steve Wilstein, Associated Press, July 0, 00.





The majority of professional athletes may be decent enough sorts who are … quite civil to the women in their lives, writes sports columnist Sally Jenkins, but what seems plain enough is that some superstar athletes are losing their ability to negotiate ordinary everyday situations and setbacks, whether career or romantic. What these criminal women bashers have in common she writes is that their basic conversational skill and ability to cope in normal adult relationships seem to have withered. And they may have withered, she adds, precisely because they get their way all the time and because they are surrounded by apologists who give them permission to behave the way they do. For more, see Its Their Way Or the Hard Way, Sally Jenkins, The Washington Post, July , 00; Page D01.





Sports columnist Jason Whitlock doesnt think women should count on men to combat the rash of domestic-abuse cases haunting high-profile, influential professional athletes. Nor should they expect the leagues to come up with a strong deterrent. Instead, he thinks women should use their purchasing power to lead the fight. He says a boycott of products that star athletes endorse would send a powerful message to the abusers themselves and his millionaire peers. And it would serve as a perfect opportunity for a parent to talk with a young boy about the scourge of domestic violence and why its important to show a spouse or girlfriend respect. See Women must lead way in fight against domestic violence, Jason Whitlock, The Kansas City Star, July 6, 00.





Part of the problem with athletes who abuse women close to them, writes Mike Freeman of The New York Times, is they nearly always get a second chance, even if they have been accused previously of attacking women. He suggests leagues and player unions agree to limit second chances with these measures


1. Suspend players for one-year the first time they plead out or are convicted of violence against a woman. Impose a lifetime ban if he is convicted a second time. In both cases, the accused could appeal a conviction to an arbitrator, approved by the union and the league. If he prevails in arbitration, the suspension would be reversed and the league would pay him compensatory damages.


. Make the franchises themselves more accountable by imposing $1 million fine and $4 millions salary-cap clip on a team who signs a player with a previous domestic violence conviction or suspension if that player is convicted a second time.


See Fix Needed for Epidemic of Violence, Mike Freeman, The New York Times, July 6, 00.





Enough, writes, Gary Shelton of the St. Petersburg Times, with the euphemisms women beaters and their enablers use to deny responsibility or claim self-victimization for their crimes against women. He shows exactly why domestic violence isnt a private matter, and challenges professional sports to take these more seriously than a public relations distraction. See Dont let abusers off hook, Gary Shelton, St. Petersburg Times, July 5, 00.





Detailing statistics of domestic-violence crimes, Newsdays Johnette Howard observes that violence against women is a crime that men, and not just male athletes, commit in epidemic proportions. Solving the tragedy of male violence against women, she writes, begins with Telling men and boys, starting at the age of 4 or 5, that violence against another human being is not permitted. For more, see Not Only Jocks Hurting Women, Johnette Howard, Newsday, July 4, 00.





Recollecting Nicole Brown Simpsons fate as a victim of domestic violence at the hands of her football-playing husband, Tom Knott of The Washington Times names and chastises those who tolerate and enable this abuse. See Dangerous liaisons, Tom Knott, The Washington Times, July 4, 00.





With athlete crime now part of the flow of sports news, Michelle Hiskey writes Its hard to summon much outrage about something that happens so often. Faced with such a relentless march of badness, sports fans fall into an acceptance, that the heroes they celebrate on the field regularly misbehave off it. We even defend an athlete/lawbreaker with an array of excuses a misguided youth, a troubled soul, victimization by the press. No longer surprised by this kind of news, she adds, Criminal behavior, and fans acceptance of it, is just another example of sports mirroring the world we live in. See Growing numb to athletes misdeeds, Michelle Hiskey, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, July 4, 00.





Its time, writes sports columnist C. Jemal Horton, for big league sports and model sports citizens to send a lasting message to athletes and victims of athlete crimes. Players who are unquestionably involved in crimes such as domestic abuse should receive severe suspensions and fines. And he means s-e-v-e-r-e. Like half the season and half the salary. See Sports must get tough on domestic abusers in their midst, C. Jemal Horton, The Indianapolis Star, July , 00.





Why is it that the burden of writing about athletes accused of violence against women generally falls to female sportswriters, wonders Miami Heralds Michele Kaufman. No matter, she writes, when four high-profile athletes are arrested in one week for some type of domestic violence, it is reason for alarm. Its also a clarion call for serious consequences. For what should not be allowed, see Women victims almost becoming a sports clich�, Michelle Kaufman, The Miami Herald, July , 00.





On solutions to prevent post-game celebrations on college campuses from turning violent see Providing students outlets may curb postgame violence, Thomas OToole, USA TODAY, July 1, 00, Page 1C.





A New Jersey sports complex may have inoculated youth baseball against obnoxious sports parents with a unique design of its diamonds. See Youth sports complex finds way to control rowdy parents, Associated Press, Indianapolis Star, July 4, 00.


Last week in a New York Times story about former NFL star Jim Brown, who chose to be jailed for violent behavior rather than to undergo counseling and do community service, sports columnist Mike Freeman wrote Every superhero or larger-than-life figure has a gross flaw; with Brown, it is his brutal treatment of women.


A flaw, wonders Los Angeles Times sports columnist Diane Pucin. Thats what it is now to be jailed for aggressive behavior toward women. She puzzles how things can get better if a man with the moral standing Brown has brought to the minority male community refuses to accept his flaw and deal with it and fix it. She offers that Brown could be a hero without a flaw if hed speak about evil of violence against women, about how difficult it might be to acknowledge the problem when its personal and how necessary it is to stop such behavior. For the complete story, see Actions of Jim Brown Convey This Message Too, Diane Pucin, The Los Angeles Times, April 6, 00.


(See Jim Brown Is Prisoner on His Own Terms, Mike Freeman, The New York Times, March 8, 00.)





The New York Times Mike Wise points to several factors that may contribute to the actual or seeming rise in violent incidents in NBA games





Rule changes that de-emphasize calling fouls for incidental contact





Inconsistent officiating, leading to frustration on the court





Development of a new class of rough, young players trying to prove their worth





The news medias penchant for broadcasting replays of fights.


See In the N.B.A., Fists and Elbows Flying More Frequently, Mike Wise, The New York Times, March 7, 00.





For insight into why its better to judge actions rather than people, see New York Posts Wallace Matthews story on former NBA star Jayson Williams. (Dying Girl Saw Jayson At His Best, Wallace Matthews, New York Post, March 17, 00.)





Newsdays Shaun Powell takes us through NBA star Jayson Williams metamorphosis from a life sprinkled with magnanimity, charm and occasional recklessness to one of another athlete accused of terrible felonies surrounding and including manslaughter in A Life of Leisure Changed Forever, Shaun Powell, Newsday, March 14, 00.





On the NHLs success in shifting the sport away from violence, the Washington Times Patrick Hruby explains why the one-dimensional hockey bruiser � species Homo Goonus � teeters on the verge of extinction, a victim of harsher rules, shifting mores, shrinking rosters and creeping irrelevance. See Requiem for the goons, Patrick Hruby, The Washington Times, March 14, 00.





Los Angeles sports writers muse over the cause and effect of Lakers Kobe Bryants post-game swipe at Indianas Reggie Miller (who also recently had to sit out a few games because of a flare-up with Lakers Shaquille ONeal). As they did with ONeals on-court violence, some teammates praised Bryants aggression as teaching a lesson to a disrespectful opponent. Lakers Coach Phil Jackson publicly rebuked Bryants behavior as selfish to the team saying, You dont get respect, you earn it. See What was he thinking? Kevin Modesti, Los Angeles Daily News, March , 00, and Incident With Miller Has Left Bryant Boxed Into a Corner, Bill Plaschke, The Los Angeles Times, March 4, 00.





In a stirring commentary on Jayson Williams arrest for the killing of a limousine driver, sports columnist Mike Bianchi writes, Youve never ever read of an athlete doing anything good with a gun. … Athletes dont carry guns to be safe; they carry them to be cool. See Athletes find it necessary to pack the heat, Mike Bianchi, Orlando Sentinel, February 4, 00. For a perplexing contrast of the different sides to Jayson Williams, see Two Sides of Ex-NBA Star Clash in Shooting Death, Michael Powell, Washington Post, March 1, 00; Page A01.


Sports Ethics Questions





Factors contributing to the continued increase in violence in professional hockey include (1) a proliferation of unskilled players who cant compete any other way, () the sensationalizing of brutality by the NHL and some television broadcasters and hockey teams, () the National Hockey Leagues tolerance and tacit promotion of violence by its refusal to impose sufficiently severe sanctions, and (4) the failure of hockey organizations to develop teams and playing conditions that would promote a sport more conducive to some of todays fast and highly skilled players.


Most people would agree that hockey players themselves are ultimately responsible for their violent behavior, but what about the moral culpability of teams, owners, the sports media industry, broadcasters, referees and the NHL?


Consider the following





New York Daily News Bob Raissman reports people in the hockey business flat-out know violence and mayhem are not only a foundation of hockey culture, but a key part of the way the sport is currently marketed. He faults commentators who flip out over cheap and dangerous shots by some hockey players, but dont take a stand on the root causes of what they see as a problem. He points to a currently airing NHL commercial showing a series of violent collisions on ice. Apparently, he says, the NHL believes this is the part of the game worth promoting. See Face It, NHL Sells Violence, Bob Raissman, New York Daily News, April 0, 00.





Sports columnist George Vecsey of The New York Times writes of the current mess of real hockey players maiming other real hockey players and warns, The league cannot afford this carnage. In recent match-ups, two extremely valuable players were taken out of their games with concussions from hits that, he says, would not be tolerated on the sidewalks outside those arenas. Describing the hitters assassin-like mentality, Vecsey notes, And make no mistake about it � they were injured because of their value.


As to hockey fan violence, he says the teams themselves use violence to incite the crowd. He cites the underlying message in a video one team recently ran during a game showing fans harassing a goofy-looking actor wearing the opposing team jersey was clearly Its open season on anyone wearing the other teams gear. See N.H.L. Needs Long Suspensions Now, George Vecsey, The New York Times, April 8, 00.





Sports columnist Dan Daly of The Washington Times scoffs at weak sanctions the NHL levies against players who literally and intentionally target their opponents hottest scorer, but he says thats not the only problem Players skate faster than ever, which makes the ice surface smaller than ever, which leads to more collisions � and more injurious hits � than ever. He thinks the solution is to increase the size of the rink. See During playoffs, NHL means Neanderthals have license, Dan Daly, The Washington Times, April 0, 00.





To bring out the best in hockey and make it exciting The Washington Posts William Gildea writes the NHL must impose consistently harsher penalties across the board for dirty play; sports television must stop glorifying violence -- using it, in effect, to promote their own telecasts; and rinks need to be made wider to open the game for its best skaters, its best passers and its mobile defensemen. See Pure Hockey Deserves A Fighting Chance, William Gildea, The Washington Post, April 0, 00; Page D0.





Former Cleveland Browns football great Jim Brown is serving a five-month jail sentence for vandalizing his wifes car. He was also charged with�but found not guilty of�making terrorist threats against her. It was his fifth brush with legal authorities on charges of domestic abuse, yet he states, The issue isnt about the safety of women.


This, writes USA TODAYs Jon Saraceno, is from one who is known for advocating personal responsibility and self-control in his long-standing activism for African-American empowerment. Ironically, instead of accepting responsibility for his own actions, he characterizes himself as a political prisoner and shifts blame to, in the most recent instance, his wifes menstrual cycle. See True manhood eludes Brown, Jon Saraceno, USA TODAY, April 10, 00, Page C.


On the subject of violence against women, what does Jim Brown need to do to bridge the gap between what he says are his belief and value systems and how he acts?





Sven-Goran Eriksson, Swedish coach of Englands soccer team, excluded Jonathan Woodgate from a friendly match against Italy essentially because Woodgate failed a character test. Woodgate had been convicted of fighting in the beating of an Asian student in January 000, and was sentenced to 100 hours of community service. He also was fined by his club for drunken behavior.


In keeping him off the team, Coach Eriksson reasoned that if Englands soccer fans are banned for three years from traveling internationally to watch their team play when they have been convicted of a serious criminal offence, a player should suffer similar consequences.


What a concept, writes sports columnist Cam Cole. Accountability, in sports. Sure, he says, its opening up a whole new can of worms, subjecting sports figures to character scrutiny, but its a can that ought to have been opened a long time ago, before the standards of acceptable behavior got so deplorably low. See Over the line? Cam Cole, National Post, March 7, 00.





Imagine you coach, manage or own a sports team. Suppose one of your players is guilty of misconduct off the field. What would you be willing to do to hold the athlete accountable? How would your thinking be different were your team collegiate, high school, a youth group, or professional?





As a fan, what action are you willing to take to hold athletes accountable for their misconduct?





Does failing to hold an athlete accountable for wrongdoing show hypocrisy or lack integrity for not acting in accord with stated beliefs? Or does it show compassion and forgiveness?





What standard do you use to decide between zero tolerance on one hand and clemency on the other?





What types of behavior or wrongs merit lifetime sanction in sports?





NASCAR recently levied $0,000 in fines against three drivers for altercations under rules allowing sanctions for actions deemed detrimental to stock car racing. Citing huge attendance as proof that fisticuffs dont hurt the sport, sports columnist Ed Hinton scoffs at these scuffles being considered detrimental. He understands that NASCAR feels compelled to do something to keep a lid on rowdiness, but, he writes, NASCAR has joined in the charade of all mainstream sports, which levy cosmetic fines for extraneous violence, playing to a society largely in denial of the neurobiochemical truth That the human brain, deep in the medial forebrain bundle or old brain, retains the ancient instincts toward violence for survival. See Why fine drivers for adding spice? Ed Hinton, South Florida Sun-Sentinel, March , 00.





Under what circumstances should fist fights in stock car racing be considered acceptable behavior? Does it make a difference if the fight took place off camera?





From a ethical perspective, what good can come from such fisticuffs? What harm?





Suppose fist fights were tolerated historically or are acceptable in other cultures. Does that bolster an argument that they should be tolerated or accepted in stock car racing today?





How does excusing such behavior harm the sport, its fans, or society?





What message is sent by disciplining racers for fighting and by excusing them? Which is better? Does it make a difference whether the drivers behavior is instinctive or his anger is provoked?





Sports columnist Peter Vescey takes issue with the two-day suspension assessed against basketball stars Kobe Bryant and Reggie Miller, complaining that because Bryant was the aggressor and Miller only retaliated that Miller should receive a lighter sanction. According to Vescey NBA Commissioner David Stern, believes, without exception or circumstance, any form of retaliation must be punished; although the sentencing might be unfair in certain situations, he feels such impartiality reduces skirmishes and keeps brushfires under control. Is it unfair to punish retaliators? Which should take priority being fair or being impartial? See Kobe-Reggie Clash Shows NBA Injustice, Peter Vescey, New York Post, March 5, 00.





Most agree basketball player Shaquille ONeals punch thrown at Bulls Brad Miller in retaliation for his flagrant foul was dangerous and bad for basketball. But what of the others reactions? Are the NBAs fine and suspension both proportional and sufficient sanction for an offense that potentially endangered another players life? What message does the punishment send? Is it the right one? Is a -day suspension that effectively penalizes the Lakers franchise and fans fair to them? Does it matter? Whose interests should take top priority? Some commiserate with ONeal because he has endured years of thumping, reportedly to the blind eye of referees. One teammate seemed to say that ONeals self-appointed vigilantism was justified as measures of self-defense and self-pride. Is this loyalty warranted? Would it be better, more honorable for teammates and coaches to condemn his actions? Is it morally inconsistent to commiserate with the man and yet denounce his behavior? (See N.B.A. Needs to Hit Shaq Much Harder, Ira Berkow, The New York Times, January 16, 00; Things could have been worse for ONeal, Lakers, NBA, Mike Kahn, SportsLine.com, January 14, 00; Dont Ignore Center of Issue, Bill Plaschke, The Los Angeles Times, January 15, 00.)


The New York Times, January 16, 00; Things could have been worse for ONeal, Lakers, NBA, Mike Kahn, SportsLine.com, January 14, 00; Dont Ignore Center of Issue, Bill Plaschke, The Los Angeles Times, January 15, 00.)


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