Humour vs Terror in the Guild Plays

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When confronted with a storyline containing a serious moral, what is the best way to capture and maintain an audience? All you need to do is embed a little comedy within the terror and you have got it made. The authors of the guild plays knew and demonstrated this best. Contained within the episodes are the perfect ensemble of terror and comical wit. The guild (or Corpus Christi ) plays were sombre lessons from the bible that were performed during festivals for the everyday people. Some are still performed to this day. It is this combination of fear and laughter that make these stories appealing to its audience even after hundreds of years. It is through the change in emotion that the audience maintains its enjoyment for they know not what to expect. The example to be used, N-Town’s The Woman taken in Adultery exhibits this quality with ease.

The juggling back-and-forth between evoking terror and then laughter is successful from the beginning of The Woman taken in Adultery right up to its conclusion. It is noticeable soon into the episode with the introduction of the Scribe, Pharisee, and the Accusator. Terror is first created through their plot to shame Jesus by “false accusation” (58). This causes the audience to worry for the safety of Jesus and their attentions become drawn into the progress of the performance. Without this major design, The Woman taken in Adultery would claim little interest, and yet with too much seriousness, it would result in depressing the audience.

The comical element shines through when the cowardice of the Scribe and Pharisee is brought to air. “We’ll be close behind” (118). This is followed quickly with the fleeing of the half-dressed young man, which is immediately comical. Yet this humour is short-lived when terror makes a re-entrance with the young man’s threats to the audience. “If any one stops me tonight / I’ll give them such a deadly wound! ” (17-18). Then all events turn comical again when the young man also learns of their cowardice. “I was really afraid of those three louts. / To tell you the truth / I rushed away at such a rate / I haven’t tied my pants up yet” (17-140). This constant change in mood keeps the audience focused because they aren’t given the option of dullness.

The Woman taken in Adultery and the other guild plays use this criss-crossing of the two genres to create an entertaining atmosphere for all their spectators. It is almost tongue-in-cheek humour because the underlying plot is of such a serious nature that one wonders “should they be laughing?” The humour, while tongue-in-cheek, also displays elements of farce. Such as when the young man demonstrates that his pants are down when it is already clear to see. This comedy is so appealing to the audience that instead of taking away from the value of the biblical story it in fact infuses it with everyday relevance.




The language used throughout the episode most probably was considered to be serious in context, and yet in today’s society, one cannot help but laugh at the words thrown at the woman. The three men refer to her as “slut”, “trollop”(145), “strumpet”, “stinking bitch-rag”(147), and a “stinking whore”(160). This string of insults is so concentrated with obscenity that you laugh simply from being over-whelmed. Though in all truth, there are likely people, who, after having read these passages found themselves offended. The more farcical comedy would be much better suited to their tastes. The point here is simply that there are different forms of humour within The Woman taken in Adultery. You’ll either find all of them funny, or some of them funny; but you will find something funny.

The terror originating from the plot of The Woman taken in Adultery carries its message from the bible. The seriousness being, that one must “repent”(1) and “ask for mercy”(10) before they will “forgiven”(4) and “inherit heaven”(). The tone of Jesus’ teachings rings clear from the first line of the episode to its last. The audience would watch this performance and take away the lesson it portrayed.

Through this examination of The Woman taken in Adultery it is apparent that the mix of terror and comedy had a very entertaining effect on the audience. They were able to laugh while at the same time learn a valuable lesson. Their fear would be alleviated by laughter, and then their laughter replaced with feelings of suspense and dread. This cycle would continue throughout the episode so that the emotions of the audience would not have a chance to settle until the closing words. After which, they could reflect on what they had just seen, consider its moral, and remember the humour.



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hamlet

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like hamlet even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like hamlet in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

Once upon a time, in Denmark a young prince found out that his father had been murdered. Not

only did young Hamlet find out that his father was murdered, but to his shocking dismay he found

out that the murderer was none other than Claudius. Claudius was very jealous of his brother,

and he wanted to be king, so when the king had fallen asleep he poured poison into his ear. When




the king died, Claudius married the king’s wife (Gertrude), and took over the throne. One night

three watchmen saw a ghost; the ghost was calling for Hamlet. When Hamlet arrived he found out

that the ghost was of his father’s sprit, and Hamlet was told the whole story about how Claudius

had plotted to kill the king and take over the throne. The ghost told Hamlet that he must avenge

his father’s death. Before Hamlet avenges his father’s death he test’s his uncles guilt by setting up

a play in a theater and if his uncle reacts he knows that he was the killer. Hamlet after goes to

confront his mother who is in her bed chamber, Hamlet hears a noise from behind the curtain and

stabs his sword threw. Hamlet thinks he has killed the king, but really only killed Polonius.

In the aftermath of Ophelia father’s death Ophelia drowns herself in a river. Laertes who is

Ophelia brother comes to Denmark in a rage. In a plot to kill Hamlet Claudius set’s up a fencing

fight between Hamlet and Laertes, Claudius had poisoned the tip of Laertes sword, and just in

case Laertes doesn’t get a hit on Hamlet he had also poisoned his cup. Hamlet hits Laertes but

doesn’t take a drink, instead Gertrude drinks and dies because of the poison. Laertes cut’s him

self with his own sword and dies but before he dies he tell Hamlet that Claudius is responsible for

everything so hamlet stabs Claudius and makes him drink the poison. Soon after Claudius dies

Hamlet dies Fortinbras becomes king of Denmark.







Mind that the sample papers like hamlet presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

compare politics in germany and france

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like compare politics in germany and france even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like compare politics in germany and france in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

Workbook Questions

I have chosen to compare politics in Germany and France.

1. a) What are the significant parties and what have been their respective strengths?

The significant parties on the right of the political spectrum in Germany are the CDU/CSU and the FDP. The CDU and CSU, the latter a regional party in Bavaria only, usually gain between 5% and 45% of the votes. The Liberals however only 5% to 8%.




In France, the major party on the right is the UMP, created before the latest presidential election in April 00 to promote the candidacy of Jacques Chirac. This very large party organization is a merger of three parties the Gaullist Party, the UDF, and the Liberal Party. The UMP secures between 40% to 55% of the votes. The other party on the right in France is the Front National, the extreme right party, which fetches up to 0% of the votes.

On the other side of the political spectrum in Germany, the most significant parties are the SPD, the Greens and the former communist party, the PDS. At present, the social democrats and the Greens are coalition partners at national level. The SPD gain 5 % to 45 % of the votes, the Greens 5 to 10% and the PDS around 5%.

In France, the Socialist Party (PS) and the PCF are the most important leftist parties with a share of votes ranging from 0 to 45% for the PS and 10 to 15 % for the PCF.

b) Give a profile of each party- what is its ideology, what groups does it represent and in which regions does its support lie?

In Germany, the CDU and the CSU are ambiguous on a mixed economy. They think the power of the trade unions should be clearly limited; however the welfare system is to be preserved as much as possible. Also, the traditional values such as the family, Christianity and order are to be protected and promoted. These two parties represent the middle class, older citizens and business people. The CDU is supported by a vast majority of the Bavarian population.

The FDP supports a relative deregulation of the economy. This means that the borders of the country should be more opened to immigration and foreign goods. Also, regulations affecting business should be simplified and the power of the trade unions somewhat curbed. Furthermore, the Liberals think that taxes should be reduced. Generally speaking they promote a reduction of the role of the State in economic life, a model closer to the liberalism as we know it today in the UK. Senior public servants are the ones who are most attracted by the FDP ideology, especially in the region of Baden Wurttemberg.

In the SPD’s view, the welfare system is to be protected at all cost, the power of big businesses should be kept within strict limits and the trade unions should play an important role in economic life. This party represents working class people and state employees especially within the traditional industrial regions such as the Ruhr and former Eastern Germany.

The main ideology of the Greens is the protection of the environment but also and recently the promotion of economic liberalism, the modernization of the economic system. The Greens are supported in big cities such as Berlin, Bremen, Cologne, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, by students, young executives and intellectuals.

Finally, the PDS is predictably in favour of high public spending. The party also encourages State intervention in the ownership of companies, in wide ranging regulations and in the redistribution of wealth. The Welfare State in its widest definition should be promoted. Supporters of the PDS include working class people mostly in East Germany and intellectuals.

In France, the UMP is a merger of the Gaullist Party, the UDF and the Liberal Party. The Gaullist Party is of a conservative and nationalist leaning. This party thinks the State should play an important role in economic life and that Europe should be a federation of sovereign states rather than a single entity. Its support is widespread across the whole country i.e. in urban as well as rural areas and across the various social classes.

The UDF is a conservative party, more pro European and keener on free trade than the Gaullists. Its roots tend to be in the country side especially in the western part of France. The UDF is predominantly supported by the middle class.

Finally, the Liberals are in favour of deregulation of the economy. Their supporters tend to be business owners and senior executives in big cities.

The extreme Right’s ideology consists in anti immigration / xenophobia, the closing of borders to foreign competition, the promotion of small businesses rather than big groups, the regulation of the economy and above all an increase in security. Support for the Front National is usually at its strongest in regions with a high proportion of immigrants, such as Provence, the Cote d’Azur, Alsace and northern France. Ex communist party voters form a large part of its voters.

To the left of the political system, the Socialists strongly encourage a very large role by the state in economic life; subsidies, high taxes, redistribution of wealth. The socialist party has strong links with the trade unions. They feel big businesses should be tightly controlled. Mainly working class and middle class citizens in big cities, especially in the South-western part of France, vote for the socialists.

Finally, the PCF is against Europe, against NATO, against the United States, against globalization and economic liberalism. The party exerts a strong influence over one of the largest trade unions, the Confederation Generale du Travail (CGT). Big business and capitalists are the enemy. Large companies and most of the financial system should be owned by the State. Support is drawn mostly from working class people, civil servants, immigrants and those who work in State owned companies. The PCF is at its strongest in big cities and their outskirts and regions where traditional industries are suffering and in those with a high proportion of immigrants.

c) Which parties have combined in coalition to form a government and what coalitions seem possible in the immediate future?

At the moment, in Germany, the SPD and the Greens are forming a coalition at national level with Gerhard Schroeder as Chancellor. Before that, it was the CDU/CSU and the FDP with Helmut Kohl as Chancellor. Given the current economic problems of Germany one could reasonably expect the current coalition to disappear with the Greens breaking away. The Green Party is keen on economic reform which the SPD does not agree on. A new coalition SPD and PDS could be conceivable or even SPD with CDU/CSU.

In France, the UMP is the dominant political party. However it is the result of a merger between, principally, the Gaullists and the UDF. Although a small fraction of the UDF is keen to preserve a separate identity within the coalition, there is no reasonable prospect of a break up at this stage because the two parties are united by a relatively strong ideology and community of interest.

d) What cleavages have traditionally underlain the party systems? Are they still important?

There has always been a cleavage between the Left and the Right in the political system. Indeed, traditionally, their ideologies diverge. For example, in the classic sense, the Left says we should all break with the past. However the Right explains that history is a guide for the future, that traditions are to be respected and that existing structures should be cared for. They believe in continuity, in evolution, unlike the Left which believes that revolution is necessary to be able to progress and therefore wants discontinuity. Furthermore, while the traditional Left strongly believes in equality among citizens, in redistribution of wealth thanks to taxes and regulations, the Right believes in private property and legitimacy of wealth accumulation.

The Right recommends that the State should intervene as little as possible in economic life whereas the traditional Left thinks the State should own companies for the purpose of better protecting the population from the pressure of market forces.

In respect of law and order, the Left will tend to tolerate more freedom for the individual than the Right which will tend to be stricter on enforcement.

The Left and Right’s ideas on family values are also totally different. The former thinks they can easily be challenged by divorce or contraception, while the latter thinks they should be strongly respected. The Right will tend to relate easily to a model whereby the authority within the family rests with the father first. The Left will recognize readily that the classic family structure may not work best in all circumstances.

The Right will tend to promote religion or the role of the Church more aggressively than the Left for which atheism does not represent a specific problem.

These differences between the Right and the Left are less important than before. Indeed, it is now very difficult to identify the Left with the lower class and the Right with the rich. Even if people do not enjoy the same degree of wealth, they have more and more access to similar opportunities in terms of schooling, health, right to vote, housing. Moreover, goods are nowadays more and more affordable to a larger section of the population (at least in the developed world).

The fall of communism has blurred the traditional distinction between Left and Right. People have come to realise that the interests of the working class are not in contradiction with those of the upper class. Ownership of companies is much more spread out than before. State ownership is not a guarantee of fairness and does not protect companies and their workers from competition and mismanagement.

.a) What far right parties are there and how have they affected the party system?



There are three main far right parties in Germany, Die Deutsche Volksunion (German people’s party), Die Republikaner (republicans) and Die Nationaldemocratische Partei Deutschlands (National Democratic Party of Germany). These parties rarely get above 5% in the polls. They have no substantial influence in political life. No mainstream party will want to associate itself with movements whose values are reminiscent of those of the National Socialist party of some 70 years ago.

Supporters are lower class and senior citizens in big cities where immigration is strong. But although representation in Parliament is only very marginal German authorities have reported a 10% increase in right-wing violence in the country.

In France however, the Front National led by Jean Marie Le Pen made it to the second round in the 00 elections when it fetched 18% of the votes but was duly defeated by Chirac. The FN benefited from the many leftist candidates for the elections, which led to the splitting of the socialist votes. On this occasion the FN played a role in French politics which was larger than its relatively modest share of the popular vote.

In regional elections where the UMP does not have a natural majority, it needs the votes of the Front National supporters to win. However the democratic Right cannot publicly enter into an alliance with the FN for fear of antagonizing its natural voters. Therefore many unspoken agreements and compromises are entered into at regional level between the local leaders of the mainstream right wing parties and those of the FN.

b) What have been the reasons for the growth of these parties?

The far right parties have gained influence especially in Europe because of the opening of borders within the European Union and with the rest of the world. Many European countries have eased immigration procedures. Economic security and violence have become strong concerns mainly for senior citizens and those who have a precarious employment. The fear of crime is currently reinforced following recent terrorist attacks. Law and order parties are little by little gaining influence. Their message of low tolerance for crime, especially when committed by immigrants, is a vote catcher with a growing section of the population.

c) What green parties are there and what has been their impact?

Die Grünen of Germany are members of the current coalition with the SDP. It is said to be the most influential green party in Europe. At national elections they obtained 6.7% of the votes in 18. Their aim is to push the liberalisation of the economy as well as their initial objective which is the protection of the environment. They believe this goal can only be achieved if society changes both its values and the way it conducts business.

In France, the Greens (les Verts) led by Dominique Voynet, tend to be left wing with ideas that are not totally dissimilar to those of the socialist party, although the emphasis on the environment is stronger. The Greens in France obtained 10% of the votes at the 18 elections which was a great surprise because in 14 they only managed to score a total of % of the votes. In the Paris area alone, the Greens scored almost 0%. The increases of votes have prompted them to fight for greater influence in future local elections.

At the moment, the nuclear energy issue is at the centre of their policy concerns.

Compared to Germany, the role of the Greens in French politics is small. This is due to the fact that France is a lower density country and therefore environmental problems are less acute. Also it is possible that German romanticism is more conducive to the protection of nature.

d) What have been the reasons for the growth of green parties and is their growth likely to continue?

The population increase is one of the reasons for the growth of green parties in parliaments nowadays. Indeed, the continuous growth of the car industry leads to very visible forms of pollution. Industrial food processing, biotechnology (genetically modified crops and cloning for example) make most people extremely insecure as to the real benefits of scientific progress. Also, nuclear accidents and accidents involving petrol tankers and chemical plants are also a reason for insecurity. To the extent that the green parties question the merits of the ever growing intrusion of science in everyday life and how science should be controlled, they respond to the anxiety of an ever larger constituency.

. a) Can Parliaments change the Government’s legislative proposals? Can they control Government spending and tax raising? What means do they have to scrutinise and influence Government policy?

In France as in Germany it is indeed a prerogative of the legislative power to change government policies. In both countries the budget is submitted to the approval of Parliament. The final budget may therefore be the result of a series of compromises between the executive and legislative powers. Votes of no confidence or the threat thereof can be used in Germany and France to force the government to amend its proposals in the direction preferred by Parliament. It should be noted that, since neither the German or the French President can be challenged by Parliament, the greater power of the French President compared with his German counterpart does provide the French executive power with more stability.

In practice, in both countries, a government enjoying a majority in Parliament is unlikely to be challenged by it. This is especially the case in Germany where the Bundestag specifically approves the nomination of the Chancellor by the President. In France, although the Parliament is not asked to ratify the choice of Prime Minister, the President must appoint as Prime Minister a member of the parliamentary majority. A strong community of views is therefore likely to exist between the respective cabinets and parliaments.

b) What is the power of the Prime Minister in relationship to the Head of State? Other Ministers? The Cabinet? Parliament? Regional Government?

The federal government consists of the Chancellor and his or her cabinet ministers. The Basic Law invests the Chancellor with central executive authority. For that reason, some people refer to the German political system as a “Chancellor democracy”. The Chancellor’s authority emanates from the provisions of the Basic Law and from his or her status as leader of the party or coalition of parties holding a majority of seats in the Bundestag. Every four years, after national elections and the seating of the newly elected Bundestag members, the federal president nominates a chancellor candidate the chancellor is then elected by majority vote in the Bundestag. He is the most powerful individual in German politics. Article 65 of the Basic Law states “ the Chancellor determines the guidelines of policy to which the government complies”

The German President has a limited procedural role, he appoints and dismisses cabinet ministers and can dissolve the Bundestag but it is always on advice from the chancellor.

Article 65 of the Basic Law sets forth three principles that define how the executive branch functions. First, the “chancellor principle” makes the chancellor responsible for all government policies. Any formal policy guidelines issued by the chancellor are legally binding directives that cabinet ministers must implement. Cabinet ministers are expected to introduce specific policies at the ministerial level that reflect the chancellor’s broader guidelines. Second the “principle of ministerial autonomy” entrusts each minister with the freedom to supervise departmental operations and prepare legislative proposals without cabinet interference so long as the minister’s policies are kept within the chancellor’s guidelines. Third, the “cabinet principle” calls for disagreements between federal ministers over jurisdictional or budgetary matters to be settled by the cabinet.

The chancellor determines the composition of the cabinet. According to the Basic Law, the chancellor may set the number of cabinet ministers and dictate their specific duties.

The German chancellor is stable; he is elected by the Bundestag and derives authority from the level of parliamentary support given in this vote. Unlike most parliamentary legislatures, the Bundestag cannot remove the chancellor simply with a vote of no-confidence. The Basic Law allows only for a “constructive vote of no confidence”. That is, the Bundestag can remove a chancellor only when it simultaneously agrees on a successor.

The chancellor can append a simple no-confidence provision to any government legislative proposal. If the Bundestag rejects the proposal, the chancellor may request that the president dissolve the Parliament and call new elections. Although not often used, it can pressurise the Bundestag to vote in favour of legislation.

The German Chancellor is usually the leader of his own party. This increases stability and power. He is therefore able to sustain this power because of this stability.

Germany, being a federal state, entrusts regional governments and parliaments with wide ranging powers to determine policies valid at the “Land” level. There is real delegation of authority on the part of the federal government. Each “Land” thus can adopt laws which are specific to it. By definition, the powers vested in local politicians limit those of the federal government, hence those of the Chancellor.

In France, the President is the main person in the Executive Branch of the government. He also has particular responsibility for Defence and Foreign Policy. He is the one who nominates the Prime Minister; this is the same in Germany. However, the French President may also dismiss the Prime Minister and the rest of the government. In Germany, the Chancellor can only be dismissed by a “constructive vote of no confidence” by the Parliament.

Unlike Germany where the Chancellor often directs the guidelines of the President, in France, the Prime minister must always be answerable to him. He is the one who gives directions and who does the strategic thinking. According to the Constitution of 158, the Prime Minister “shall direct the operation of the government” and the government “shall determine and direct the policy of the Nation”. Essentially, the Prime Minister and the cabinet operate to provide the direction or resources necessary to implement the policies conceived by the President. One of the many functions of the Prime Minister is the harnessing of a parliamentary majority for presidential policies since a majority in parliament may censure or reject a governmental program, forcing the resignation of the government. The Prime Minister can appoint and dismiss cabinet ministers, so can the German Chancellor.

France is a state governed from the centre. Regions play a much lesser role than in Federal Germany. No regional parliaments exist although the “conseils regionaux” whose members are representatives of people elected at local level have a consultative role. The central government is represented in each French “departement” by a “Prefet” appointed by Paris without any interference by the legislative power. The Prime Minister is thus able to play (indirectly through his ministers) a major role in provincial matters.

Bibliography

www.news.nationalgeographic.com/news/000/0/04_europe.html

www.greenparties.hpg.ig.com.br/introduction.html

www.tms.physics.lsa.umich.edu/14/other/news/france-greens-nuc.html

www.archives.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/jospin_version/GB/PM/PRESPM.htm

www.lib.byv,edu/rdh?eurodas/germ/ggery.html



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THE IDAHO BATHOLITH AND YELLOWJACKET FORMATION

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like THE IDAHO BATHOLITH AND YELLOWJACKET FORMATION even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like THE IDAHO BATHOLITH AND YELLOWJACKET FORMATION in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

THE IDAHO BATHOLITH AND YELLOWJACKET FORMATION










INTRODUCTION

The Idaho Batholith, located in central Idaho, has some of the most rugged and remote terrain in North America. The Idaho Batholith extends north from the Frank Church Wilderness Area, through the Salmon-Challis national Forest, and terminates in north-central Idaho (Figure 1). It extends east from the Washington-Idaho border to the Idaho-Montana border.

The Idaho Batholith has had historical importance for Idahoans since Statehood in July , 180 (Arrington, 14). The Batholith served as a near-impassable obstacle for the early northern Statesmen, especially in the winter months. In order to attend State House and Senate meetings in Boise, Statesmen would generally travel to Seattle where they would then take a ship down the coast, up the Columbia River, and along the Snake River (Arrington, 14). This was a long and arduous trip, forcing the Statesmen to be away from home for months, and in many cases, all winter long. This caused a little discontent between the northerners and the rest of the state, to say the least.

The rugged terrain of the Idaho Batholith is the result of millions of years of violent geologic events and is the roots of an eroded away continental volcanic arc of late Cretaceous age (Alt and Hyndman, 15). The geologic history has been of great interest to geologists and students of geology for decades, and the rugged terrain and wild waters of the Salmon River have been an enjoyment for outdoorsmen for decades. This paper will discuss the origin of the Idaho Batholith and one of the most significant geologic formations in the Batholith, the Yellowjacket Formation. The Yellowjacket Formation is one of the most studied, yet most controversial, units of the Batholith.

Figure 1. Distribution of known and inferred Yellowjacket Formation (modified from Evans, 1).

PRECAMBRIAN THROUGH NEOGENE HISTORY

In order to understand the origin of the Idaho Batholith, the early geologic history of the West Coast, particularly Idaho, must be considered. In the late Precambrian Era, the West Coast, including Washington, Oregon, and California, were on the ocean basin floor and Idaho was on the miogeoclinal sediment shelf. Montana, Wyoming and the rest of North America were a shallow marine environment. As the Pacific oceanic plate subducted under the North American plate, a volcanic island arc, with a back-arc basin between the ancestral Washington-Idaho area, was built. This event occurred during the Ordovician and Early Devonian periods and created what is now called the Columbian Arc. As time progressed, the Farallon Plate began to subduct under the ocean basin floor. This created the North Cascade Island Arc, and Washington began to take shape. Further subduction of the Farallon Plate forced Washington closer to Idaho, as accretion and associated geologic forces started to build mountains, and the mountainous terrain of Idaho began to take shape.

THE IDAHO BATHOLITH

The Idaho Batholith is actually two lobes, the southern Atlanta lobe and the northern Bitterroot Lobe, separated by the Proterozoic metamorphic rocks of the Salmon River Arc (Lewis et al., 1). These two huge granitic plutons were forced to the surface during mountain building events in the late Cretaceous (75 Ma to 100 Ma). They have since been eroded and carved into a rugged and wild landscape by the forces of nature including wind, water, and ice. After the Batholith intrusion, the compressional forces began to relax. As noted by Link and Phoenix, 14), the processes of uplift and thinning of the thickened crust resulted in the high-grade metamorphic lower crust deforming against the low-grade metamorphic upper crust. This produced the metamorphic core complexes found along the length of the North American Cordillera. For example, the Pioneer Mountains are one of these metamorphic core complexes.

THE YELLOWJACKET FORMATION

The Middle Proterozoic Yellowjacket Formation is located in east-central Idaho within the Idaho Batholith (Figure 1). This formation is divided into three units, including the lower, middle, and upper units (Figure ). As noted by Evans (1), the lower unit is primarily made up of gray and greenish-gray siltite and argillaceous siltite with minor carbonate strata. The siltite is finely laminated and cross-laminated with bedding typically ranging from 5 to 0 centimeters. Directional and oscillatory ripple marks are well preserved. This unit was most likely deposited in a subaerial or shallow-water environment. The Hoodoo Quartzite, originally thought to be part of the lower unit but now recognized as a separate and distinct unit, forms a 1,100 m thick tongue in the lower unit and. Bedding is generally massive and ranges from 8 to 100 cm.

The middle unit is composed of light gray pairs of siltite or fine quartzite layers with alternating black argillite layers ranging from 0.5 to 10 cm (Evans, 1). On the east side of the White Ledge Fault, the middle unit has been preserved, but on the west side of the fault it has been removed by erosion. Silt and sand dikelets penetrate down into cracks that have formed in the argillite layers. This unit was probably deposited in a shallow marine environment.

Figure . Simplified geologic map of the Salmon River Mountains between Yellowjacket and Salmon (Evans, 1).

The upper unit is made up of light to dark gray, very fine to medium-grained feldspar and biotite quartzite with planar cross beds and a hummocky cross-stratification (Evans, 1). The bedding ranges from 10 to 100 cm thick. Ripple marks range from a few centimeters to tens of centimeters, with the high-energy features indicating a shallow marine to intertidal depositional environment.

The Yellowjacket Formation is best known for its cobalt, copper, and gold deposits mined by the Blackpine and Salmon Canyon Copper Company mines (Evans, 1). Geochemical studies indicate two stratigraphically distinct zones of mineral strata located in the upper middle unit and the lower upper unit. However, the age of the Yellowjacket Formation is still in contention. Pb07/Pb06 ratios indicate ages of 1,670 Ma and 1,700 Ma for two different samples of zircon from biotite, but U-Pb methods suggest an age of 1,70 Ma (Evans, 1). Still other dating methods indicate dates ranging from 71 Ma to 75 Ma (Evans, 1). These dating inconsistencies serve to confirm that more studies are required before reliable dates can be assigned to the Yellowjacket Formation.

CONCLUSION

The historical, geographical, and geological significance of the Idaho Batholith has been well-established by historians and geologists alike. The rugged terrain of the Batholith and the wild waters of the Salmon River are enjoyed by outdoor enthusiasts all over the world. The origin of the Batholith continues to be of great interest to professional geologists and students of geology. Understanding the stratigraphical relationships between the geological units such as the Yellowjacket Formation within the Batholith presents a challenge for geologists, and much more work is needed to accurately establish dates for these units.

REFERENCES

Evans, K. V., 1, Yellowjacket Formation of East-Central Idaho, Belt Symposium III, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Special Publication 11, p. 17-0.

Lewis, R. S., Burmester, R. F., and Bennett, E. H., 1, Metasedimentary Rocks

Between the Bitterroot and Atlanta Lobes of the Idaho Batholith and Their

Relationship to the Belt Supergroup, Belt Symposium, III, Montana Bureau of

Mines and Geology, Special Publication 11, p.10-144.

Link, P. K., and Phoenix, E. C., 14, Rocks, Rails, and Trails Pocatello, Idaho State University, 18 p.

Arrington, L. J., 14, History of Idaho Moscow, University of Idaho Press, 5 p.

Alt, D., and Hyndman, D. W., 15, Northwest Exposures A Geologic Story of the Northwest Missoula, Mountain Press Publishing Company, 44 p.

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Environmentally changing an individual through literature

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Environmentally Changing an Individual through Literature

Continent, city, country, and society the choice is never wide and never free to the individual. Where one lives their life is where they are shaped whether it be comfortably or not. Changes are made to conform ones individuality to better their society. My Antonia, Black Boy and Thirty Years from Now all show an individual transforming or seeking a way to fit into their society to an extent.

Each piece of literature’s characters differed in the degree of changing to the individual. Each character was also put into different situations. In Black Boy Richard changed his environment instead of shaping himself to fit into his society. Although various moves to different places sometimes only eased the pain momentarily of living in a racist world, his extent of changing was zero percent as an adult. Richard viewed the world as unjust and say many whites as being racists and unlawful.

Our too-young and too-new America ... insists upon seeing the world in terms of good and bad, the holy and the evil, the high and the low, the white and the black.... It hugs the easy way of damning those whom it cannot understand, of excluding those who look different, and it salves its conscience with a self-draped cloak of righteousness. Am I damning my native land? No; for I, too, share these faults of character! (7-7)




Yet Richard knew he obtained many of the same qualities. Richard never changed himself after acknowledging his flaws. Susan Sontag who didn’t changed herself to fit into a society. Through out her writing there are many unvague statements that prove that she did not changed her style of writing to conform to the pressure of the ever-changing society.

My idea of a writer someone interested in everything…therefore everyone your reading touches enjoy it… no matter what it is about. You can relate to all of society…Yet I wanted to be a writer…so I gave up hating many aspects of this Earth…so it was natural for me to conceive of the vocation of a writer this way…my change for society…to be a writer would help me find more scope in this great metropolis…the only surprise was that there weren’t many people like me…so change was a necessity (67-68)

In Thirty Years from Now Susan demonstrates the harshness to not be compliant to the press as well as the people wanting. She takes upon quitting school to just find herself happiness.

The radical change I’d made in my own life, a change embedded in my moving to New York, was that I was not going to settle for being an academic…The freedoms I espoused, the ardors I was advocating, seemed to me-still seem to me-quite traditional…I saw myself as a newly minted warrior in a very old battle against philistinism, against ethical and aesthetic shallowness and indifference (6).

Susan’s move physically and emotionally help better equip her for the optune changes that lay ahead of her. In My Antonia Antonia is an independent dreamer who knew the only way to receive what she desired was to move herself. After her move to Nebraska she obtained a big family and happiness without ever changing her heart and soul desires. Ms. Harling is viewed as the society towards Antonia. For example she looks down upon Antonia for going to the dances and being a teenager. She wishes for her to learn how not to be “one of those people”. Ms. Harling is the main pressure for Antonia to alter. In order for Antonia to not give into pressures of society she realizes that fleeing her hometown is the only way to evade the pressure without transforming her individuality. Yet, unlike Richard who obtained stubborn qualities Antonia, once fled, changes her ways to conform to her new society and new love. Antonia’s characters extent of how the society would shape her is its ok to change if it makes ones soul happy and warm. Richard feels that no matter what stay true to oneself and changing for society is unlawful if given the choice. While Susan feels that in order to obtain happiness, gratitude and money changing for ones society is insecure and intolerable. Drastic changes such as moving home somewhere new, without conforming to unwanted society is what it needed to keep oneself then change is accepted was the motto for all characters.

Richard, Susan and Antonia endured unrightfully judgments from society and without changing to conform to societies desires they all managed to find happiness along the way. The judgments of taste expressed in these pieces of literature may have prevailed in times but their underlying values of those judgments did not. The extent that society can change an individual differs from person to person.



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Compare Drama of Film to your own Vision of Play

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The film has a lot more going on in the story than the play as the director takes more liberties. You can see the characters true feelings in the film as well because of the way they act and their facial expressions. I suppose the play is harder to grasp than the film as it is much more complex. However, they obviously have the same plan and most things are the same or similar. The differences could have a difference on how you feel about each character I have decided that Stanley is made out to be the enemy in the play but in the film it is Blanche who is annoying.

At the beginning of both the film and play there is jazz music playing and the atmosphere is very lively and busy. We can also see that Blanche is shocked at where her sister lives and how uncomfortable she feels. However, in the film it shows Blanche walking into the bowling bar and looking really uncomfortable, which isn’t included in the play. Also Blanche drinks alcohol straight away and there is drinking throughout the play in both the play and film.

In the play it is known that Stella loves Stanley so much and that she would do anything for him. Although what she says to Blanche when she first comes to visit her sister is added to the film.

Isn’t he wonderful looking?




This proves that Blanche is smitten with Stanley, as it is one of the first things she says to her sister. When Blanche tells Stella that she isn’t well and doesn’t want to be alone, we can see how important staying with her sister means to Blanche, but in the play we cannot really tell if she means it or if she’s being over dramatic. Blanche starts to annoy the audience in the film because when she is talking to Stella about the loss of Belle Reve and her employment she continues talking and talking, which can get on your nerves. Also, she looks for sympathy from her sister about this, which can also be very irritating as she is being fake and we there is more to it that Blanche doesn’t mention. The play doesn’t really give us this outlook of Blanche as we see it as she is very lonely and that she just wants her sister to understand how she feels.

There is obviously an attraction between Stanley and Blanche as soon as they meet. In the play we are shown this but not to an extent that there would be anything done about it. Similarly in the film the attraction is exposed but the flirtation is emphasised a lot more. Stanley takes his top off and flaunts his body, while this is happening there is music in the background that is of a suggestive nature. In the play we cannot see this, all we know is that there is a slight attraction as they stare at each other and they are both quite desirable.

Drawing involuntarily back from his stare.

When Stanley thinks that Blanche is up to something he begins to confront her. In the play he knows Blanche is lying straight after they are introduced. This also happens in the film but for extra effect as he does so he repeats one phrase until she answers; this is to get the truth out of her.

You were married once, weren’t ya?



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Advertisment and effects on society

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One in every 15 fathers had a child while they were a teenager. Sex and birth rates in the United States, are among the highest of developed countries (Siecus 1). The issue of sex and the use of protection have been hammered through out the world with various types of ads. Television, magazine, and billboards are the top advertisements for companies. For every woman out there having a child out of wedlock, there is also a man behind the picture. In this commercial, for ZaZoo condoms, they simply demonstrate what happens when you do not use a condom. They make the point very clear.

As the commercial starts off, there is a young father with his 4 or 5 yr old son shopping at the grocery store. The father who is wearing a black jacket, blue shirt, brown slacks, and black shoes is pushing the shopping cart full of fruit and vegetables. The little boy has on a grey sweat jacket; a red shirt faded blue jeans and is a little cute boy. In the background are a man and a woman in the meat section browsing for their selection. The father stops to browse through the last aisle in the store and the kid reaches for a big bag full of goodies. The father goes to grab something off the shelf and the little boy throws in a bag of candy. The little boy looks up at his father with puppy dog eyes begging him to let it stay. The father takes the bag throws it back in on to the shelf, then the boy looks at him with a weird I hate you look. Then the little boy grabs the bag again throws it in the cart they are shopping with, folds his arms and looks straight up at his dad. Then the dad puts it back on the shelf, looks at his young son and his son starts to yell and cry. The little boy is screaming like a siren and keeps saying, “I want the big bag”. The scruff looking father puts his finger to his mouth telling the little boy to be quiet. The little boy is screaming so loud everyone in the entire grocery store can hear him. As he keeps repeating “I want the big bag”. Tears are coming out of the little boy’s eyes as he continuously yells and screams the same phrase over and over again. The father takes a deep breath in with the look on his face indicating that he’s unsure what to do. The little boy is now shaking the shopping cart back and forth and making quite a big scene. A lady in the produce section looks at the little kid then the father and you can see she is thinking, “Take control of your child.” Two other people in the same section also give him dirty looks. The boy runs over to another section of the grocery store screaming and yelling, and then he picks up an item that looks to be a toy and starts throwing it on the ground in a rage of fury. He then runs over to the produce section and starts tossing vegetables on the floor. Then he rolls around on the floor moving his feet and arms while screaming. Then the last thing you see is the father looking down at the floor with the phrase “Use condoms.” The commercial then goes to the product icon it is selling, ZaZoo condoms. There catch phrase is “fun, sexy, safe” (ZaZoo).

This type of advertisement is a good lesson in safe sex. The company, ZaZoo, who made this commercial chooses a pretty good approach on why to buy there product. The target audience is most likely in the teens to upper 40’s. This advertisement appeals to the target audience for one simple fact, most of us do not want to have unwanted kids. This advertisement shows the effects of not practicing safe sex. The values that this advertisement appeals to are those involved in the practice of safe sex in our society. Since 16 the teen birthrate has dropped 8 percent over a 5 year span (Planned 1). This particular advertisement helps the viewing audience and the target audience by showing the importance of condoms and why they are good for you. Granted the company is helping society become a little wiser about safe sex, but it is also trying to make a profit by showing off their particular brand of condoms.

This particular television advertisement depicts a lot of different images from our society. The grocery store, where the kid throws his fit, is the most common public place for a kid to embarrass his or her guardian. It is many parents’ nightmare, especially new found fathers, to have their kid embarrass them in public in front of their own group of peers. Most kids who live in our society are bratty and think they can get whatever they want. They will throw a fit to get what they want, when they want it. Parents are not taking control of their kids. Often it is because parents did not want to become parents, but became ones because of there reckless actions when they did not use a condom or a form of birth control. Premarital sex is accepted by most people in our society. This advertisement also implies that if you use a condom you will not have a child, which is not entirely true. A recent study shows that 8.7 percent of condoms either break or slip off during intercourse. (Glover 55) Also, this commercial portrays that having a child wrecks your life when you are not ready for one.




Using condoms, such as the one in the advertisement, ensures safe sex. Safe sex significantly decreases the chance of unwanted pregnancies. The advertisement directly appeals to the target audience, men in their teens to mid-forties, by accurately depicting the fears most men have in regards to unsafe sex. This accurate depiction brings the fear home. The advertisement also conveys things about American society. People in America are having pre-marital sex, and a child can wreck havoc on someone who was not ready to have children. Therefore, this advertisement makes the solution to those fears simple “Use condoms.”



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Trasformational leadership

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1Transformational leadership



In the 80’s a new approach towards leadership appeared. As the market realities were changing rapidly, the competition was becoming fiercer and the shareholders were pressing in order to increase the value of the company a new concept of a transformational leader was becoming more and more popular.

The theory of leadership based on the notion of transformational leader was not looking for answers concerning what leaders are and what their style is. On the other hand it focused more on the decisions and actions the leaders take in order to be efficient and efficacious. Managers and leaders have different tasks and functions in the company. The manager responsibilities are to establish an order in the company and manage its complexity. The leaders are supposed to create a climate of entrepreneurship and involvement and shape the company according to the changes of the environment. To achieve these goals the leaders have to able to create a vision in the company and make people follow as well as possess the skills essential in the process of introduction of new procedures, rules and other changes crucial for the company if it is to follow the mission. The best example of such a leader possessing all the above mentioned predispositions and skills seems to be Jack Welch.




Jack Welch may be the most talked about and widely emulated manager in business history. Hes used his own uncanny instincts and unique leadership strategies to run GE, the most complex organization in the world, increasing its market value by more than $400 billion over two decades. Much has been said and written about how Welch has transformed what was an old-line American industrial giant into a keenly competitive global growth engine, how he has astutely moved the once-Establishment maker of things into services. Welch has reshaped the company through more than 600 acquisitions and a forceful push abroad into newly emerging markets.

Jack Welch succeeded as CEO due to several factors including his tremendous leadership skills. He was aware about the ways how of communicating key ideas to the rest of the staff persistently repeating it over and over, ultimately driving the messages home. His concept of change was also aggressive by clearly outlining what needs to be changed. When Welch intervenes, he is rarely indecisive. He was saying ‘yes’ or ‘no’, trying to avoid the word ‘maybe’.

As Welch became the CEO of the company in 181 the position and future of the company seemed to be secure. Nevertheless he was not satisfied with the performance despite the profit of the company. He tried to anticipate the future changes on the market and in his opinion without radical changes the company’s future was unsure and risky. He decided that the company has to reconsider the structure of the range of offered products and decrease the labour costs by layoffs. That step was made taking into consideration the increasing competitiveness of the Japanese producers as far as the quality and labour costs were concerned. Anticipating that a fierce competition on the market is inevitable he wanted to make the organisation more flexible and resistant. As he said the best moment to make decisions is before the crisis appears.

Jack Welch proved to be a great enemy of bureaucracy and procedures. He flattered the hierarchy in the company in order to improve the internal communication and speed up the decision making process. The exchange of information and lack of barriers was said to be crucial to make people work effectively. He strongly believed that the organisation should be simple, the decision made quickly without useless debates, meetings and discussions. As a result in the 0’s the phases of projection and introduction of new products to the market were much faster comparing to the competition.

Next step of the CEO was to change the managers that remained in GE into leaders. He wanted to have leaders that would make the employees follow the mission and the employees willing to do something by themselves. The employees were provided with trust and support so that they were willing to make some decision independently and take some risk. They simply started to have faith in themselves. By giving them this independence they were aware that they are personally responsible for the success or failure of the company. As Welch was saying less management is better management.

The other crucial advantage of Jack Welch is the ability to make use of the most effective strategies existing on the market. He knew that it takes time to develop an original strategy that may prove to be efficient in the future. That is why to make the process of modernisation faster and less risky he strongly supported the idea of introducing solutions and methods existing in other companies. According to him in that situation it was not wise to develop even best ideas but instead to look for them and introduce them as soon as possible. The whole strategy of GE was based on the process of learning. Welch tried to encourage all the employees, managers and ordinary workers, to look for solutions that may prove beneficial for the company. The idea of constant learning and improvement was one of the key issues that allowed GE to reach its current market position.

GE projects are usually successful because the managers were forced to face a difficult choice. As he introduced the program of 6 sigmas, created in Motorola, aiming at improvement of effectiveness and quality the managers had a chance to decide whether they want to become a part of it or not. If you were reluctant you had to look for another job. A year after all the remaining employees had to undergo the training. To emphasize the priority of this program Welch made it clear that almost 50 of the managers’ salary will depend on number of mistakes and quality of production.

Another idea implemented by Welch was the objective stretching. He assumed that budgeting is limiting the effectiveness of the company as there exists a natural tendency in each department to minimize the objectives it faces and maximize the resources spend on their realisation. It results in the situation when the company is stagnant. Objective stretching was said to be the best alternative. It consisted of two phases. In the first one the company wa assuming the partial objectives which were rational and possible to reach. In the second phase the objectives were stretched as high as possible. Although the objectives were almost impossible to realise Welch claimed that the results were much higher than if provide the staff with the achievable goals. Objective stretching is not that popular as very often it is hard to guess what the actual objective is. But that is what it is all about. As the objective is higher the motivation increases. No one will be motivated by the objectives that require only a little more effort.

Unquestionably Jack Welch turned out to be a leader possessing all the skills and predispositions to manage a company and make it successful. He is an excellent example of a transitional leader as he was able to establish a mission and make people follow in the same time being innovative and shaping the company according to the environment needs and anticipated changes.



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Marconi Telecommunications

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Aleksandra Szczerbak

Marta Zimochocka

„Marconi Telecomunicatios Mexico“ case study.

Marconi case shows us how many different aspects of managerial situation in a company must be considered and handled, whenever and changes in the company structure, relocation of the staff, entering foreign markets and all the problems connected with above occur.




Sending the managers to another country cannot be just a simple one-task operation. It’s a long lasting process that needs commitment and sacrifices from both sides � company and managers. Any lack of preparation may cause serious problems.

In the Marconi case we can follow all the stages of preparation, actual placing managers at the company and further issues in foreign country. Even not trying to evaluate whether the entire process was conducted properly, just simply looking closer at all the matters � one can learn from their Mexican experience.

Perhaps trying to place ourselves in the Marconi’s shoes we could try to find a few better solutions or work out how to avoid certain failures.

In the first place I really liked the idea of sending managers to foreign countries to work for a company where Marconi held a minority interest. They could learn how does the firm work, only through observation they could learn how to exist in a new environment and gain the experience in foreign country. Just like the group that was sent to evaluate the facts and figures. So, selection of these managers for Mexico’s Lerida seem to be quite reasonable solution. They have managed to gain experience in one of Latin America country so they probably speak Spanish fluently, they wouldn’t experience cultural shock and it would be much easier for them to adapt.

What could be done more � the additional few people from HR department could be sent as well to look closer into the co. structure, how does it work, what are the relationships between employees and the management, they could be delegated there to learn something about the co. culture, unwritten rules and the whole background.

Secondly few changes could be done to the process of choosing future managers for overseas assignment. People from outside the company and from universities got limited experience but were able to work almost everywhere, in the contrary managers spotted within the co. had all the skills requirement but weren’t’ flexible and usually couldn’t function in Latin America environment. Apart from that the “traditional managers” ranged in age from 46 to 65 ( average age aproximately 54 years) and they had no international experience. They were selected because of their technical skills, but they didn’t speak Spanish and their ability to learn foreign language at their age was probably very low. The same problems concerned their families, their spouses were probably also in their 50s or 60s, so it was very difficult for them to adapt to the new conditions, understand foreign culture as well as to make new friends.The preparation process took place in Canada, in Canadian reality and surrounding they all knew. All the talks, group projects were conducted in Canadian “circumstances”.

They seemed to forget that those people must be able to operate in a foreign country where almost everything is different, and that they couldn’t just say no today I won’t finish it perhaps I will come back to it tomorrow after spending time with my friends in my favourite pub. They weren’t given the possibility to check whether they would be able to do exactly the same tasks but not in the environment they know. They should be sent to Mexico for the whole simulations and there made to work under pressure, so as to find out how their future work is going to look like.

From my point of view Marconi should have selected more young managers with Latin America background or international experience gained in the companies in which Marconi had minority interests. Apart from that, if they anticipated in 10 Latin America expansion and they purchased Lerida Telecom in 17 they had 7 years to prepare and that time could have been used in better way. Finally, in situation when they had to send 14 managers abroad to manage new acquisition, they had to select 6 people with no international experience (!). They either should have started their preparation several years earlier or maybe should have hired more graduates with Latin America background. It shouldn’t have been a problem especially in US where in the south there are plenty of people like that. Such young Mexicans or Latin American graduates would speak English as well as Spanish, and they could be transferred to headquarters in Canada where they could learn company’s core business. As there is no big differencies in life or work conditions between Canada and US there shouldn’t be problem with such transfers.

Another thing that should be considered and perhaps changed was the vision the managers were provided with higher earnings, package benefits, additional perks, help, services, finance, housing, schools. All that was shown as an ideal, and already prepared. The managers and their families were taken to Mexico for kind of a trip � they were staying in hotels with English speaking staff, they were visiting places with an English speaking guide, who took care of them. They didn’t probably have to use public transport or even pay bills or order meals by themselves. They couldn’t really see what does the life really look like.

On site support this time wasn’t given, as it was in the past. It would be the most efficient preparation and lesson about another country if the future newcomers were contacted with native Mexicans - managers from Lerida Co.

They could ask questions, and all their queries should be answered. They would have the filling that there is someone who they can rely on, who they can ask about anything and will find he helping hand, simply someone who knows the reality from inside out. If no even managers could help their future colleges, that could be the subordinates. Additional benefit in that case would be a gradually build relationship between future staff and future boss.

Another tough question that company should answer before sending their managers overseas what will happen when the overseas assignment is finished?

This time it would be advisable to ensure the managers that they would be given the possibility to come back to the company after coming back from Mexico. That they won’t be treated just like an unnecessary, additional staff that the company wants to get rid of and that the reintegration would be possible.That would help managers and let them feel a little bit more secure before leaving.

The company however could not provide the same assurance for the spouses.Their job was lost, as well as the second income in the family. Instead they faced the problem of an enormous amount of free time, which they didn’t know what to do with. They couldn’t usually work again in the same branches in Mexico, were not even able to as a volunteer. They were left without any possible choice and alternative of what to do with they free time. Having a career, full time employment now they turned into a kind of unemployed without any perspectives - that had a very bad impact not only on spouses, who became frustrated and depressed, but also, not directly, the unhappiness in the family affected the managers performance. And according to the survey conducted by R.L Tung ( Selection and Training Procedures of U.S., European and Japanese Multinationals”; California Management Review 5; 18) the inability of spouse to adjust and other family problems were main reasons for exaptriates failures in U.S companies. Nevertheless what the Co. could have done was to provide the spouses with proper immigration status, so that they were able to work in Mexico.They would have more opportunities to meet, contact people which would make the process of adaptaion much easier and what more they would have opportunity to develop their own career instead of sbeing isolated in closed residences. Perhaps they should find some people who would be able to answer all the family members questions. How to adopt, what to do? What to expect? What to do with the spare time? How to prepare? Where to work? Would be also a good idea. Even helping them to contact the families of Lerida’s managers to ask all those questions.

Instead of this kind of useful information and advices they were given just one day seminar which didn’t help at all and which was regarded by majority as a lost of time. If the company wanted to give the seminars there should be not one meeting but one every week. To give the managers the opportunity to ask questions. Not once but several times. Every day more and more queries arose and they would be able given the answer that couldn’t be found in the Internet or during the meeting in the Embassy.

Another huge problem seemed to be the language.

One of the employees claimed that the best time to start learning language was when they said, “yes” for going abroad. Learning Spanish was just an option while it should be an obligatory activity. Afterwards, when they had to learn the language in a very short time and in quote a stressful way they weren’t able to absorb as much.

This lack caused further problems; the managers couldn’t communicate with the employees that spoke only Spanish. They could never be sure whether the messages get through properly and if he was understood properly.

Frustration grew even higher when the key subordinate spoke only Spanish and the manager had to use an interpreter to achieve what was needed.

It could be good for the beginning, but afterwards even the expectations of the employees changed. What was understandable at the very beginning, later started to make the Mexicans impatient. No one can wonder that they expected their bosses to speak Spanish after a year and communicate with them in a normal way. Seeing no change they become reserved. Which made the situation even worse.

Managers themselves also noticed that they lost something that they found really substantial when working in Canada � ability to communicate with people. Here the lack of that caused frustration; not only in terms of company but also in the everyday life.

What could be done?

The process of choosing candidates could be changed � only the people fluent in Spanish language would be appointed. Other possible solution was to start the intensive courses as soon as the co. knew that such skills would be needed. It would be also helpful for the spouses if they were give the possibility to attend additional Spanish courses.

Not knowing the language they couldn’t build a relationship with the Mexicans, anywhere outside the company. No matter where they lived � in safe district, or in the city suburbs, they always felt like the aliens, minority that couldn’t adapt to new culture and place. They felt separated and isolated. To deal with that co. could organise some meetings with other companies, with city officials, authorities. However still the main problem was the language barrier, culture and tradition constraints � that could be solved before they left Canada � during the seminars, the Mexican lecturers could also mention the culture differences, typical behaviour, give some guidelines of how to deal with your neighbours and how to make them your friends.

Not only language seemed to be the problems for the Canadians, but also the everyday life. Mexico with its pollution and crime problems is not an easy place to life in. Usually they didn’t know what to expect and how to prepare. They got quite high expectations which, when confronted with the reality brought only disappointment. That also could be handled - during the seminars, or short trips to Mexico. It could be wise to show the managers ant their families not only the bright side but also what the Mexican reality is like � armed guards, different security issues, how to deal with something that is more or less normal in that country. The managers seemed not to know anything about social problems in Mexico. Not knowing that they were mostly shocked right from the time of their arrival when made to face the everyday life. Once again -it would be useful to have someone who the get to know previously f ex. Via Internet � a friend who could help them and take care as they came.

Personally I can’t find the solution for the security problems, as it wasn’t the companys inadvertence. The changes in the economic situation and grooving crime level didn’t really depend on what the co. could do or prepare for.

However when informed about the attempts of kidnapping, and the outcome of the survey (which revealed that the managers with private drivers didn’t experienced any forms of threat the company should provide everyone with personal driver. Not differentiating - whether someone is of a lower or higher level management. The co. could also put a stronger emphasis on the security consultants’ issue. They could e helpful � giving advice to the managers and their families. As we could see in the case � the Merida failed to provide that.

Another issue, the company couldn’t know about before, was a growing market competition.

New companies entering the Mexican market, growing demand for professionals and threat that the managers could be bought out by another organisation. That influenced the salaries and made the Marconi offer more additional benefits to its managers. Otherwise they could easily find work in any other co entering the Mexican market and offering better work conditions. Perhaps adjusting compensation package to the market’s average would be less expensive than lost of best people and facing the necessity of hiring or relocating new employees, providing them with training and bearing the costs of relocation. Not only rising the salaries, but also trying to motivate them in other way could help in that situation.

The managers admitted that they like to work with challenges, with a feeling that quite a lot depends on them and their decisions. They enjoyed being not only involved in the decision process, responsible for its implementation but also enabled to act as an important and inevitable part of the company.

As they said this feeling was worth even more than any higher salaries. Providing them with more and more autonomy could be than the best incentive to keep them within the company, and make them even more involved.

What can be done in the future is to improve all the stages of the development program. Starting from the managers’ selection, through the learning and seminar program, and not terminating the support after the future managers get to a destination place. As I said at the very beginning it should be a long lasting, permanent process, evolving whenever any changes (f ex. in the economic situation) appears.

There could be also another option, which would prevent the company from all the problems mentioned above. Of course it could bring other issues to deal with, however in my opinion, it would make the whole transition easier, if all the managers sent to Mexico were Mexicans. The company could avoid language and culture shocks.

The managers from Mexico could be given a proper training in Canada. They could learn how the company works, what are the goals, what does the company expects from them, what they should try to implement in Mexico. They would know the reality and they would avoid all the issues connected with the adoption to the new environment.

Nevertheless, we won’t be able to evaluate and estimate which option is better, until we try and examine both.



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I havent done one!

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Im sorry but this is my first essay

Italy is one of the countries most frequently selected when teaching Regional Geography. Italy can be used in many answers e.g. tourism, influence of climate on the economy, core and periphery, government policy re industrial location. In St.Brendans we also use Italy as an exemplar of a country that has distinctive regions that can be geographically justified.

The three regions that Italy can be subdivided into are

Alpine Italy




The justification of these three regions of Italy is considered under the following

Climate

Relief and Soils

Industrial development

ALPINE ITALY

Climate This part of Italy is extremely mountainous and the principal climatic influence, therefore, is altitude. Precipation is mainly snow especially in the higher altitudes. Above the snow line there are glaciers as there is little or no annual ablation. Aspect is also important as most of the Italian Alps would have a southerly aspect. Like all mountain climates there are micro climatic conditions in Alpine Italy. The valley of Lake Maggiore is a typical example, where the local climate is moderated by a combination of aspect, a sheltered glaciated valley and the influence of the lake.

Relief and Soils The Alps are young folded mountains that historically have isolated Italy from Central and Northern Europe.Obviously this is mostly an infertile region as slopes are steep and soil cover is thin and poor in quality. The cold environment has not been conducive for natural organic breakdown and the formation of humas, the natural mineral required for soil fertility. As a result forestry is an alternative land use. Agriculture is confined to the lower slopes to the south and the sheltered valleys such as those occupied by the glacial pater noster lakes i.e. Lakes Maggiore, Como and Garda.

Industrial Development Alpine Italy does not have the natural resources associated with the traditional urban industrial of Northern Europe e.g. coal and iron ore. Allied to this dearth of resources is the sparsity of population, difficult terrain for communications. As a result secondary industry is not developed in this regions as much as it is further south in the so-called industrial triangle of Milan-Turin-Genoa. However Alpine Italy has an important tertiary sector i.e. tourism, with its scenic beauty in summer and winter sports. Thus tourism is an all year industry. The tradition of forests and pastoral farming provide the region with the raw materials for craft and leather industries. The afore mentioned lakes act as reservoirs for the H.E.P. stations on the southely slopes.

THE PLAIN

Climate

The Lombardy Plain, in North Italy, is influenced by Mediterranean climate to the south, continental climate to the north of the Alps and of course the altitude of the Alps.This region is cooler than Peninsular Italy to the south, in winter, and it can be quite warm during the summer i.e. in the high 0s and low 0s. Rain can occur in any season, with a winter maximum. Total annual precipitation can be up to 1000mm. Precipitation amounts are higher towards the Alps and snow may fall in winter. However this region needs irrigation for productive arable farming as there is intense evaporation during the hot summer.

Relief and Soils

This region is Italys largest lowland region. It is an extension of the present day Adriatic Sea, which has been infilled with deposits over millions of years. These deposits were from glaciers and later fluvio-glacial deposits and are composed of varieties of sands and gravels. Later many areas in river floodplains were covered with fertile alluvial deposits, such as The Po Basin.There are some clay deposits as well and are associated with areas that specialise in dairy farming. Generally there is a variety of fertile soil types making this the wealthiest agricultural region of Italy.

As a country Italy was late to develop its industrial base. The North Italian Plain is the most urban industrialised region in Italy. In the west of the region, there is the industrial triangle of Milan, Turin and Genoa. The fertility of the region an resultant productive agriculture created a tradition of foodprocessing and agricultural engineering. The harnessing of H.E.P., frome the nearby fast flowing rivers in the Alps was a major advantage in the expansion of industry in Milan and Turin. Most raw materials have to be imported. Genoa is the leading port of Italy and facilitates imports and exports. Turin is famous for its motor car engineering factories and heavy and light industries associated with companies such as Fiat, Olvietti etc.

This region is in the south of Peninsular Italy i.e. from Naples southwards. The climate is typically Warm Temperate Western Margin or Mediterranean climate. Summers are hot with average temperatures in the high 0s and low 0s. Summers are also typified by a long drought with intense evaporation. Winters are mild to warm with average being about 17 degees celcius. Most rain fall in winter with amounts varying from about 00mm to 500mm. The lower amounts are experienced along the Adriatic coast because of the rain-shadow effect. The province of Apulia (heel of Italy!) is in the rain shadow and thus receives much less rain than Calabria (toe of Italy!)to the west.

This part of Italy is dominated by the southern extension of The Appenine mountains. The lowlands are limited to the east and west coasts. The west coast has more extensive lowland than the Adriatic coast. Soils are generally poor in quality with some exceptions such as the volcanic soils around the Naples-Vesuvius area. Considerable amonts of soil erosion has occured it the Appenines due to overgrazing and flasg floods. The drought conditions have also hindered soil development. The parent material rocks in the Appenines do not break down into fertile soils e.g. crystalline granites and limestones.

Industrial Development

This is a peripheral region in southern Europe. It is a long distance from the core of Italy and the core of Europe to the North. There is no tradition for industrialisation here, because the region has no natural resources such as coal or ores. There is a history of out migration to the north and abroad. Agriculture is poorly developed. Any progress re industrialising the south is the result of governmernt policy. As a result there is a modern day industrial triangle which includes Bari, Brindisi and Taranto. The development of these port location is the result of the Cassa. The Cassa was a fund established by the Italian government to improve the overall infrastructure of The Mezzogiorno. Grants etc. were offered to companies to decentralise their operations southwards from the north. This policy has had considerable success, but this region is still much more economically disadvantaged compared with the North..



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Naturelle Industriel

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I believe losing ones innocents through rape is one the most heinous crimes imaginable. Not even murder is as heinous of a crime as rape. Rape leaves one with the torturous memories of the violation while murder ends in a cold sleep. So when I read the two poems about rape, “I might have dreamed this” by Kristen Dierking and “Violet Violence (The Deflowering)” which author is unknown. I was looking for how the writers displayed the horrid effects of rape. Even though, these two poems have a lot common it is the subtle difference in the mood and rhythm makes Violet Violence a better poem.

The mood in, “I might have dreamed this” is represented as a surreal naturalistic dream like setting. Dierking compares many aspects in the way she feels to nature. For Example, words like energy, birds, night, and avalanches expresses the writer’s innocents, purity and anger. Even though, these words work well to justify her innocents they don’t work well to show her anger and humility. With lines like,” Energy birds swarmed from my brain” and “ I never slept. I did these things lying down.” are too timid to show anger and disbelief of rape. However, the line that worked well and brought us into her surreal dream world was, “ I set dolls rolling. Back and forth. Like a breathing sound.” In this line the mood was well set showing the doll, as her innocence while the breathing was the tugger war between the reality of rape and disbelief. I would have like see more lines like this.

For me, rhythm in poetry is very important part of the experience. Rhythm should drive the poem forward or jump one around to make one feel the meaning of the poem. Somehow Kristen Dierking misses this in her poem. The non-rhythmic nature of the poem was awkward. Maybe she was trying to show the awkwardness of being raped but somehow it didn’t work. Furthermore, the grouping of the text made it hard to keep any rhythm that might have existed. Sentence were sliced apart sitting alone on different lines. For instant

Using only my night-powered




eyes, I pushed the lamp

to the dressers edge.

I buried the mirrors

in avalanches of freshly

laundered underpants.

I believe grouping these sentences in this fashion did not have the effect the author indented, unless it was to aggravate the reader.

“Violet violence (the deflowering)” is a poem I found written on a napkin at a local coffee shop in Hollywood. I was so intrigued by it I had to keep it. This poem’s mood is very different from “I might have dreamed this”. Violet Violent replaces Kristen Dierking’s naturalistic serenity of innocents with the industrial ware and tare of innocents lost. Using words like rust, metallic, aluminum, wires and corrosion really gets the feeling of loathing that comes with rape. One of my favorite lines in the poem is, “there is a corrosion in my soul that holds a most terrible secret tainted innocence.” The imagery used here exploits the mood of this person who has been raped. The writer is letting the reader in on this terrible secret. Another great explicit line is “ aluminum touches of lust the sharp pain, the blood wires ripped.” This shows the coldness in which the rapist took the girls virginity. These lines are bold unlike the weak verses of “I might have dreamed this.” Furthermore, the author never states this is about rape but through reading the poem one discovers it is. The author is showing, making you feel the rape, not using the word rape in the poem like Dierking’s poem.

Unlike Dierking’s poem there is no question of a solid rhythm in Violet Violence. It chants like a roller coaster ride moving fast and then slow at times. The rhythm of this poem takes you away from the words allowing you to feel the poem and embrace it. This is what Archibald MacLeish was talking when he stated, “A poem should be wordless as the flight of birds” (0). This poem is easy to read because of the rhythm and makes Dierking’s poem seem inferior in contrast.

Through mood and rhythm I believe I have shown why I like Violet Violence more then “I might have dreamed this.” However, poems work differently for different people just because I didn’t like it doesn’t mean someone else won’t. That’s what makes poetry so wonderful and so frustrating to write. I also don’t believe “I might have dreamed this” is a horrid poem I was just exploiting some of the weaker parts of the poem. I like Violet Violence better because of how it makes me feel and that is what a poem is suppose to do.

Works Cited

Dierking, Kristen. I might have dreamed this. Holy Cow! Press. 001. Oct 0, 00.

http//www.poets.org/poems/poems.cfm?4544B7C000C04040D71

MacLeish, Archibald. “Ars Poetica”. Reading for Writers. Boston, MA

Thomson/Heinle. 004.

“Violet Violence (the deflowering)”

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