Monday, August 27, 2012

I havent done one!

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Im sorry but this is my first essay

Italy is one of the countries most frequently selected when teaching Regional Geography. Italy can be used in many answers e.g. tourism, influence of climate on the economy, core and periphery, government policy re industrial location. In St.Brendans we also use Italy as an exemplar of a country that has distinctive regions that can be geographically justified.

The three regions that Italy can be subdivided into are

Alpine Italy




The justification of these three regions of Italy is considered under the following

Climate

Relief and Soils

Industrial development

ALPINE ITALY

Climate This part of Italy is extremely mountainous and the principal climatic influence, therefore, is altitude. Precipation is mainly snow especially in the higher altitudes. Above the snow line there are glaciers as there is little or no annual ablation. Aspect is also important as most of the Italian Alps would have a southerly aspect. Like all mountain climates there are micro climatic conditions in Alpine Italy. The valley of Lake Maggiore is a typical example, where the local climate is moderated by a combination of aspect, a sheltered glaciated valley and the influence of the lake.

Relief and Soils The Alps are young folded mountains that historically have isolated Italy from Central and Northern Europe.Obviously this is mostly an infertile region as slopes are steep and soil cover is thin and poor in quality. The cold environment has not been conducive for natural organic breakdown and the formation of humas, the natural mineral required for soil fertility. As a result forestry is an alternative land use. Agriculture is confined to the lower slopes to the south and the sheltered valleys such as those occupied by the glacial pater noster lakes i.e. Lakes Maggiore, Como and Garda.

Industrial Development Alpine Italy does not have the natural resources associated with the traditional urban industrial of Northern Europe e.g. coal and iron ore. Allied to this dearth of resources is the sparsity of population, difficult terrain for communications. As a result secondary industry is not developed in this regions as much as it is further south in the so-called industrial triangle of Milan-Turin-Genoa. However Alpine Italy has an important tertiary sector i.e. tourism, with its scenic beauty in summer and winter sports. Thus tourism is an all year industry. The tradition of forests and pastoral farming provide the region with the raw materials for craft and leather industries. The afore mentioned lakes act as reservoirs for the H.E.P. stations on the southely slopes.

THE PLAIN

Climate

The Lombardy Plain, in North Italy, is influenced by Mediterranean climate to the south, continental climate to the north of the Alps and of course the altitude of the Alps.This region is cooler than Peninsular Italy to the south, in winter, and it can be quite warm during the summer i.e. in the high 0s and low 0s. Rain can occur in any season, with a winter maximum. Total annual precipitation can be up to 1000mm. Precipitation amounts are higher towards the Alps and snow may fall in winter. However this region needs irrigation for productive arable farming as there is intense evaporation during the hot summer.

Relief and Soils

This region is Italys largest lowland region. It is an extension of the present day Adriatic Sea, which has been infilled with deposits over millions of years. These deposits were from glaciers and later fluvio-glacial deposits and are composed of varieties of sands and gravels. Later many areas in river floodplains were covered with fertile alluvial deposits, such as The Po Basin.There are some clay deposits as well and are associated with areas that specialise in dairy farming. Generally there is a variety of fertile soil types making this the wealthiest agricultural region of Italy.

As a country Italy was late to develop its industrial base. The North Italian Plain is the most urban industrialised region in Italy. In the west of the region, there is the industrial triangle of Milan, Turin and Genoa. The fertility of the region an resultant productive agriculture created a tradition of foodprocessing and agricultural engineering. The harnessing of H.E.P., frome the nearby fast flowing rivers in the Alps was a major advantage in the expansion of industry in Milan and Turin. Most raw materials have to be imported. Genoa is the leading port of Italy and facilitates imports and exports. Turin is famous for its motor car engineering factories and heavy and light industries associated with companies such as Fiat, Olvietti etc.

This region is in the south of Peninsular Italy i.e. from Naples southwards. The climate is typically Warm Temperate Western Margin or Mediterranean climate. Summers are hot with average temperatures in the high 0s and low 0s. Summers are also typified by a long drought with intense evaporation. Winters are mild to warm with average being about 17 degees celcius. Most rain fall in winter with amounts varying from about 00mm to 500mm. The lower amounts are experienced along the Adriatic coast because of the rain-shadow effect. The province of Apulia (heel of Italy!) is in the rain shadow and thus receives much less rain than Calabria (toe of Italy!)to the west.

This part of Italy is dominated by the southern extension of The Appenine mountains. The lowlands are limited to the east and west coasts. The west coast has more extensive lowland than the Adriatic coast. Soils are generally poor in quality with some exceptions such as the volcanic soils around the Naples-Vesuvius area. Considerable amonts of soil erosion has occured it the Appenines due to overgrazing and flasg floods. The drought conditions have also hindered soil development. The parent material rocks in the Appenines do not break down into fertile soils e.g. crystalline granites and limestones.

Industrial Development

This is a peripheral region in southern Europe. It is a long distance from the core of Italy and the core of Europe to the North. There is no tradition for industrialisation here, because the region has no natural resources such as coal or ores. There is a history of out migration to the north and abroad. Agriculture is poorly developed. Any progress re industrialising the south is the result of governmernt policy. As a result there is a modern day industrial triangle which includes Bari, Brindisi and Taranto. The development of these port location is the result of the Cassa. The Cassa was a fund established by the Italian government to improve the overall infrastructure of The Mezzogiorno. Grants etc. were offered to companies to decentralise their operations southwards from the north. This policy has had considerable success, but this region is still much more economically disadvantaged compared with the North..



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