Saturday, April 28, 2012

Activity of Longleat

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Longleat is a [description]


Longleat allows visitors to come and look at the house (for a small fee), the grounds, and the safari park. It caters for and provides a service for the customers, and because of this Longleat is in the tertiary sector.


A particularly substantial and impressive Stately Home, Longleat was built in the late 16th century by Sir John Thynne, and has remained in the Thynne family for more than 400 years. John Thynne started life as a simple kitchen clerk at the Tudor Court, but by 1547 he had been Knighted and the fortunes of the family have since gone from strength to strength. During the Civil War, when many grand houses were levelled because their owners supported the Royalist cause, the family remained neutral and so their magnificent home was spared.


Some of the best examples of high Elizabethan architecture can be found at Longleat, in particular in the Great Hall. During this period, it would have been the centre of activity and, although a lot more serene today, its former splendour has been well maintained. With its 5ft high ceiling, supported by ten huge hammer beams, the lavish tapestries and paintings decorating the walls, and a considerable range of collectables, there is still plenty to keep you occupied.. Around 1600, a Minstrels` Gallery was added, and in 166 the Small Gallery was created to honour a visit by Charles II and Queen Catherine, who stayed overnight with their entire retinue.


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At the beginning of the 1th century (1806-1818), the nd Marquess was keen to modernize Longleat, and create more privacy in the original Elizabethan house. He employed the fashionable architect Sir Jeffry Wyatville, who introduced a sequence of splendid corridors, as well as redesigning the North Wing and the Grand Staircase. The original staircase, a much simpler design by Sir Christopher Wren, was completely transformed to this spectacularly grand centrepiece. A new stable block and an Orangery were also built at this time.


In the 1870`s, the 4th Marquess arranged for the ceilings to be remodelled by J.D.Crace, and they were so sumptuously and skilfully designed by Crace that it is difficult to imagine how they were achieved. The sheer ornateness, incorporating an abundant use of gilt, was predominantly inspired by some of the magnificent buildings Grace had visited on his travels to Italy. Possibly the most impressive is the Saloon, formerly The Long Gallery, with the ceiling based on one seen in the Palazzo Massimo, Rome. With the Italian Renaissance style reflected throughout much of the old house, the sense of quality and luxuriousness are almost overwhelming.


There are no less than seven libraries at Longleat containing an impressive collection of some 40,000 books. The Red Library alone has over 6,000 books, and is said to be haunted by an elderly gentleman dressed in black - so beware! Other ghostly beings include the infamous Viscountess Weymouth who unhappily treads the upstairs corridor known as The Grey Lady`s Walk, perhaps looking for her removed admirer.


Royalty is no stranger to Longleat, with Queen Elizabeth I being the first Royal guest in 1574, and Queen Elizabeth II being the most recent, in 180.


Longleat, called The Treasure House of the West, was the first stately home to be opened to the public on a regular basis in 14. Now, as well as the majestic Elizabethan residence, Longleat offers the visitor a diverse array of attractions, including a safari park, an adventure castle, a narrow-gauge railway, and one of the most challenging mazes in the UK.





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Friday, April 27, 2012

Functions of Management

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Functions of Management


MGT0


Joseph Macksoud


March 4, 00


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Functions of Management


Most successful businesses are guided by the basic philosophy that every action taken by the business should translate into a benefit to the bottom line, or increase in profit. To this end, the company at which I am employed (we’ll call it AFL) is the world leader in automotive wiring harnesses and follows this philosophy religiously. As an example, each year in our president’s policies outline is a goal for management improvement. Our president defined our management strategy as “Establish company-wide Performance Management and measure effectiveness of improvement training initiatives” (George Herman, 00). Performance Management is a web-based system to assist in managing the four functions of business management planning, organizing, leading and controlling. This paper will discuss how these four functions of management apply to AFL, to my direct supervision and to my position at AFL.


At AFL, Performance Management is a new system to improve the quality of the data presented to management, improve delivery timing and documentation of events and milestones. The Performance Management system covers the four functions of management. Planning, which is a separate department in YNA, is responsible for the “make or buy” and “production location” decisions. The decisions made by the planning department can determine and effect the producing of parts anywhere in the world. Organizing, again a separate department at AFL called Program Management, is monitored by skilled managers tracking the progress of new product development projects. Organizing also means that the program management department has a vital role in effectively communicating information within AFL and to our customers. Leading is a function of management that is not departmental at AFL. Rather, leadership is business unit based. What this means is that decisions affecting the customer will be made at a level that takes into account all the information available along with the entire needs of the customer. At AFL, this level of leadership and decision-making is at the business unit director level. This may sound like a lofty level for decisions affecting the customer, but AFL is a customer-focused company that is driven to delight the customer. This level of management leadership has served as a recipe for success for AFL. These four functions of management, from an organizational standpoint, create the direction of and support to the supervisor level of management at AFL.


The effects of the four functions of management on my direct supervisor are wide in scope and potentially catastrophic financially. My direct supervisor is the President of the Components Business Unit (ComBU) for AFL, Mr. Bryon Wilson. In this position, Mr. Wilson relies on the planning and organizing information my department provides to him to determine strategic direction and goals for our business unit to move forward towards. Examples of data provided to Mr. Wilson from my department include sales performance (monthly and fiscal year to date), cost of sales percentage, and status of behind orders to name a few key measurables. Mr. Wilson provides leadership for my department by reviewing our monthly business objectives and providing input or direction for areas of improvement. Mr. Wilson’s leadership can also be seen in the controls he places on my department. For example, corporate policy dictates that department Directors must have the business unit president’s pre-approval to purchase items over $100,000. Mr. Wilson however, allows me to purchase items up to $500,000 without requirement of his pre-approval. This “relaxing” of a control allows me and my department to have more agility to accomplish the goals and objectives set forth by Mr. Wilson. Certainly, the relaxing of this control in no way relieves my department from accountability for the expenditure. Mr. Wilson exhibits a fair administration of the four functions of management by blending both explicit objectives and goals (planning and organizing) with enough departmental control and executive management support (leadership and control) to accomplish them.


The four functions of management apply to my position, Director of the Advance Product Manufacturing Center (APMC), as well. In my position, planning is vital to accurately forecast labor, material and machinery needs to meet customer delivery due dates. Leading my area is done in a fashion similar to Mr. Wilson’s style. APMC managers are empowered to determine their own needs to accomplish the objectives I have given them. In turn, it is my responsibility to analyze each request for completeness and provide the needed capitol investment, labor or material requested to accomplish the department’s goals.


Another way to describe the four functions of management is plan, do, check and act (PDCA). This is a Japanese developed system that provides similar results and styles as the four-functions method. For example, planning is identical in nature and scope. “Do” refers to actually performing the function consistently. This can be compared to organizing from the four-functions method in that a business process is optimized to perform efficiently. “Check” refers to the monitoring of results from the business process. This is a direct correlation to leading in the four-functions method. “Act” refers to adjusting a process if the yield is less than expected. Likewise in the four-functions method control is to respond and support to shortcomings in results. Whether one calls a management system “four functions” or “plan, do, check and act”, each is a highly effective method of piloting a business on the voyage to success.





References


Perry, G.W. (00, February 8). The President’s Policies and Strategies. The YNA Connection pg. 1


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not yet

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Hashing


1. 6.6Assume a relation with key attribute of type integer, and give examples of the following. (R11)


a. A linear hashing index and an extensible hashing index with the same data entries, such that the linear hashing index has more pages.


b. A linear hashing index and an extensible hashing index with the same data entries, such that the extensible hashing index has more pages.


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Specify what hashing function you have chosen. Draw appropriate diagrams. Remember to include the additional directory page for the extensible hashing index in the page count.


. Consider the ¡°llps¡± graph in slide 155 of the lecture notes.


a. What is a probe sequence? Where does it start and where does it end?


b. Given your definition of a probe sequence, assume a uniform hash function h, and assume just one record per bucket. Thinking about the situation where the llps graph was obtained, is it possible to experimentally reproduce that type of graph for


¡ì simple unindexed hash tables of fixed size T ?


¡ì linear hashing indexes?


¡ì extensible hashing indexes?


Use one of the words ¡°always-never-sometimes¡± to respond, and briefly justify each answer.


Index Construction and Sorting


. Consider ¡°replacement sort¡± as described in slides 188-18 and in section 1..1 of the textbook.


a. Assuming all tuples to be of the same size, write pseudocode for the replacement sort. Note You may use more than one pseudocode module.


b. What portions of your pseudocode would change for handling tuples of unequal size? Do not write the pseudocode, just provide a reasonable strategy. (R1)


Pipelining in Query Processing


4. Refer to the ¡°Research¡± sample database, accessible in read-only mode in yallara, through the sqlresearch command in Unix (no Oracle account is needed).


a. Create an example of an SQL query against this database, where a subquery includes a join whose result needs materialisation, that is, the query cannot be pipelined.


b. Assume you are working for a large corporation managing a set of good sized tables, even larger than the ones in the Research database. Can every query that has joins, but no subquery, be pipelined? Explain. (R1)


Query Optimisation


5. Consider the relations R1(A, B, C), R(C, D, E) and R(E, F), with primary keys A, C and E respectively. Assume that R1 has 000 tuples, R has 000 tuples, and R has 100 tuples. (S14)


a. Estimate the maximum possible size of the join of the three relations, R1 wv R wv R.


b. Propose an efficient strategy for computing the join. Assume indexes can be created and the cost of creating indexes is insignificant.


Transactions


6. Consider the following classes of schedules serializable, conflict-serializable, recoverable, avoids-cascading-aborts, and strict. For each of the following schedules, indicate and justify which of the preceding classes it belongs to. If you cannot decide whether a schedule belongs in a certain class based on the listed actions, explain briefly. (R17)


a. r1(X), w(X), w1(X), a, c1


b. w1(X), r(X), w1(X), a, c1





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Thursday, April 26, 2012

heap of shit

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Madagascar


BirdLife has been working in Madagascar for several years, its major achievement to date being an acclaimed Important Bird Areas inventory, completed in late 1 with the publication of the book Zones dImportance pour la Conservation des Oiseaux à Madagascar, later summarised as a chapter in Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands.


BirdLifes current priorities in Madagascar are


ɨ wetland conservation - to implement site conservation work in the West Malagasy Wetlands Endemic Bird Area, following priorities identified in the IBA inventory, and


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ɨ capacity-development - to strengthen the Malagasy teams ability to develop and implement its own conservation programme.


The second programme is being implemented with funding from the Critical Ecosystems Partnership Fund, and details appear on the CEPF web-site.


http//www.cepf.net/xp/cepf/ ergt r fejrt rnbetjer e fejrbgfe ekgbfekj ewrjbeg rkfbewfbw fbjwgfjw fjwbhfw f wfjbw fw f f f f f f fjrbfw f f s d f s f s wtr ewr t er tre t re t r t r t rt r e4 yt 5 y e y we yet yr ty rety tr y r ty tr y r t y retu re ure yu yru tyu tyu ty u uy ryu ytr u tyu tryu ytr urt yu tryu try u tyu try uty uyt ut yu ytu ytr u yt u try ut y er g e g e hg ds h gdh gf h fh gfh g h g h f h fgh fdg hgfd h fg hg g h f h f h d gh f gh gf h f h f jf jg i t ki y ulk j r haet ew r yewt yhr t u trey j ty j tr j utr k yu k y luyt l rtuktrk r tuk tu kuyt ktr u krt k t kgj k vbn m nv g i u i tu it gfh kj gh k tuiyt uk g k g k yu i ryt k t hkj gj t k tuk utr j hg kjg i uyt i truj gh kj gk yt ukutkj g gk jgk gk g k g kj k jk g k u k tr tu rytu uol iylk yu k tj





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Music and sound in Apocalypse Now Redux

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Artistic film parameter Music


There is a conflict in every human heart between the rational and the irrational, between good and evil. The good does not always triumph. Sometimes the dark side overcomes what Lincoln called the better angels of our nature.


(Captain Willard, Apocalypse Now Redux)


Indeed, Francis Ford Coppola has infused music into his form of storytelling, acting as a compliment to the themes of insanity and horror of the Vietnam war. Apocalypse Now opens with a song by The Doors that is ironically but not surprisingly named The End, together with slow-moving images, it creates sort of a “cinematic hallucination”, and thus forewarns its audience immediately that this is not any other war film, but one that explores the darkness and madness of the human mind. The song returns again in the ending of the film, after Kurtz’s assassination, summing up the film in tones of irony and ambiguity.


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Also the overall original music composed for the film seems to be one that contains mainly surrealistic elements. Often haunting and horrific, it often helps to reiterate the themes of madness and evil that lurks within the human condition. At times, the images look realistic and believable yet music takes on an ironic approach, making the war seem mythical and symbolic.


Technical film parameter Lighting


We didnt want to do anything naturalistic. It had to have its own style. I didnt want it to look like reportage. I put artificial colour, artificial light next to real colour, real light - to have the explosion of the napalm next to a green palm tree; to have the fire of an explosion next to a sunset in order to represent the conflict between culture and the irrational. I realised the film was not really a war movie. It was about civilisation.


(Vittorio Storarao, Cinematographer, Apocalypse Now)


Vittorio Storarao’s lighting seems highly motivated by the themes within the film, concentrating on extremely low key lighting at many significant scenes that portray the psychological breakdown of the characters.


One such example is that of Marlon Brando coming out of the darkness, there is very high contrast as though only parts of him are shown from time to time. He seems to symbolize man that is stuck between the two lines of good and evil, and he is slowly seeking his way out of the dark side.


Many of times, the cinematographer uses dark shadows that seem to trail behind their moving characters. They can be interpreted as the conscience of these men, or also the evil and darkness of human nature. The combined use of shadows and low key lighting throughout the film especially during sensitive moments has successfully drive the themes of madness and darkness, and thus unnerve the audience into re-evaluating the human condition.





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Wednesday, April 25, 2012

Mythical Creation of Land and Man

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The “creator” in this myth is a raven (bird) whose characteristics resemble that of which we think of in modern day as a “god”. Raven is able to not only possess the means to create life for man but also to see his needs as well.


The relationship between humans and the other creatures that inhabit the earth are more or less that each has a function, a need and purpose, but also to be complimentary to each other. Raven recognizes the purpose that creatures will serve for man and also the inevitable demise of them at the hand of man. For example in regards to sheep he says, “it will be better for them to have their home among the high cliffs, so that every one can not kill them, and there only shall they be found”. In this he has recognized man’s need and want for sheep (being complimentary) but is also stating that there will also be a place for sheep. Raven uses this example again when he is talking about wild reindeer. Man told Raven that these animals would be scarce and Raven responded that man would kill many of them. Raven’s vision for the world here is that man and creature will live in a harmony together, both sides reaping the benefit and function of the other. I believe the underlying world vision indicated here is that in hope, things can be explained as more of a natural versus a scientific reason on how things came to be or why they exist.





The tone of this piece more or less is a fantasy, as we would know it today. Humans in modern day live in harmony with creatures, however creatures serve a basic need and function for humans at the same time. The most important aspect for humans today would be the need for food, which “creatures” provide.


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Fantasy and myth combine as in traditional, typically ancient story dealing with ancestors that serves as a fundamental type in the worldview of a people to explain the natural world and fantasy being something imagined or realistically improbable is examples of every section here. From the start, man appeared from a pod of a beach-pea and when the water was let out of the pea it created “pools” of water. This would show the explanation of how man came to be and where water came from.


The purpose of this piece is a “storytelling” of how the world, man and creature came to be as explained by the Bering Strait Eskimos. The culture of these people was set back around 00-500 B.C without the modern day technology and science to explain reasons that earth, humans and things in nature are formed and created. Since the beginning of any recorded information that has been passed along, man has always looked for reasons to either prove or explain the way things “are the way they are”. This way in essence is a very peaceful approach and it focuses more on bright origination rather than maybe a modern day theory such as the “big bang”.


Divakaruni, Chitra. “The Time When There Were No People On Earth Plain.” Multitude Cross-Cultural Readings for Writers. McGraw-Hill, 1. 4-7.


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the neverending story

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like the neverending story even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like the neverending story in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.



INTRODUCTION


The purpose of this short paper is to address who is the real hero in the film ?The Neverending Story?, and also to consider the key characters and their roles in the film. This movie was first released in 184. It is about a lonely little boy who in needs of a friend but instead he finds a world that needs a hero in a land beyond imagination, as he reads the book that he found. This film is about fantasy films, where it took place in the world of imagination, where anything is possible and could happen.


WHO IS THE REAL HERO IN ?THE NEVERENDING STORY?


This movie was first released in 184, it is based on a novel with the same title written by Michael Ende. It is about a 1 year old boy named Bastian who has recently and tragically lost his mother in an accident. His parents had been separated, but his dad moved back in with him after that tragedy happened. His father has Bastian?s best interest at heart, but he is too preoccupied with his own grief and too busy with all kind of responsibilities that he has until he barely acknowledge Bastian?s existence and his problems. Bastian?s only relief from his dilemmas are books. He loves to read and he has an wonderfully active imagination. One day, he found the book called ?The Neverending Story? and for the reasons that he didn?t even know, he felt so compelled to the story and he is physically drawn inside the book Soon after, he finds himself exploring the land of Fantasia, which is slowly being destroyed by the Nothing. Fantasia is in fact the vast, beautiful world inside people?s mind, it is being destroyed because humans are losing their hope. As Bastian reads about the adventures of a young warrior that The Childlike Empress of Fantasia has sent to search for a cure and to save Fantasia, whose name is Atreyu, he realises that he too is a part of the story and with the luck dragon help, Atreyu discovers how to save Fantasia through Bastian. Along with Atreyu, Bastian overcomes obstacles in an attempt to finish his journey and save Fantasia, gives the Princess a new name (Moon Child), learns important lessons of life, and gains insights to adjust to his new life without his mom.


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A lot of human characters and other creatures appeared in this film, but obviously the (two) key characters are Bastian and his Fantasian alter ego, Atreyu. In some ways they are very different from each other, where Bastian uses his power of imagination, while Atreyu is using his power of determination. But through out the film, it showed that they shared the same feelings, such as when the horse died they both cried over it, they eat together and finish the journey together. Both showed their own uniqueness, their strength and their heroic quality. In that film, Atreyu showed that he would not give up on his search for help to save Fantasia, while Bastian found his way and his power to fight and save Fantasia which giving him hope, belief and strength to move on with his real life that he has lost after his mom died in an accident. So, it is quite obvious that the real hero of this film is Bastian, as he is the one who saves Fantasia and gets back on his feet to battle his own fight in life.


CONCLUSION


This paper has attempted to demonstrate why Bastian is the real hero of the film. This has been demonstrated throughout his journey and his effort in saving Fantasia from the Nothings. This film is about fantasy films, where it is just pure fantasy, it has nothing to do with science at all. It is about the mind and power of imagination. The messages of this film would be that anybody could be a warrior, a hero, in their own ways and terms, and how the world is a much boring place if there is no imagination.





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Tuesday, April 24, 2012

How to Save Money by Creating Your Own Wedding Decorations

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like How to Save Money by Creating Your Own Wedding Decorations even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like How to Save Money by Creating Your Own Wedding Decorations in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.



Today’s average couple can expect to spend thousands of dollars on their wedding. According to Brides Magazine, the average cost of a wedding in the United Sates is $18,874. Decorations and flowers for the church and reception hall can cost as much as $,000. However there are ways to bring this cost down by planning, designing, and creating your own decorations for the ceremony and the reception.


In order to properly begin assessing how to save, you will need to sit down and make a few decisions. This is best done with the help of friends and family especially if they have any prior experience planning a wedding. You will need to decide what type of wedding ceremony you are going to have. Such as will the ceremony be held at a chapel, church, courthouse, or perhaps outdoors? Colors and a theme will need to be chosen and also the location where the reception will take place.


Now that you’ve decided what type of wedding and where it will be held you can concentrate on the individual details. This is best accomplished by starting a folder containing examples of what decorations you think you want to include in your wedding. There are numerous wedding and craft sites on the internet that will give you ideas. You can search the individual sites and see pictures of weddings all decked out with fantastic decorations. Another good idea is to go and visit some of the craft stores such as Michael’s, Ben Franklin, or Hobby Lobby. Bring along a camera to take pictures of the many wedding decorations made up and on display. Most of your craft stores and sites will include step by step instructions on how to make the decorations. Bridal magazines either bought or checked out from you local library also have many good examples. With just a little research you are sure to find a large variety of ideas for your wedding decorations.


Often you will come across an example of a decoration that is close but not quite what you wanted. This is the point where your personnel designer touch will be added. Try to find another close example of this particular decoration and see if maybe you can combine the two ideas. Determine just exactly what features you do like and what things bother you about this idea. Purchase a variety of materials for making this decorations and then experiment by making a few different variations.


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Eventually you will take this folder of ideas and trim it down to a realistic list of decorations to be made. Two of the most important facts to take into consideration at this point are your time line and resources. Determine how much time you have before the wedding and exactly what your resources are. Estimate how long you think it will take you to complete each craft. By resources I mean will any body be able to help you, and if so just how much of their time are they willing to give to this project? Do any of your friends or family members have any special talents such as sewing or bow tying? Another big consideration will be to honestly decide just how crafty you are. Look at each craft project and decide if you think you can really do a good enough job to be happy with your end results. If your decorations look sloppy and unprofessional this could turn a memorable day into an unhappy memory. Putting all your final decorating decisions into a list will help organize and guide you throughout this project.


Now that you have created your list, it is time to organize the ideas into a workable plan. It is a good idea to assign an order of importance to the crafts, incase you need to cut some of them from your list. Often times as you get nearer to the date of the wedding a bride can find that time is running out and the list of remaining crafts to be made is far too long. By making the most important crafts first this ensures that if you do need to cut ideas the most needed decorations are not the ones to be left out. Deciding how many of each item to make is another critical step at this point. For example decorations for the tables, will there be one or more for each table. If you’re making bows for the church pews, just how many will you want? This is also the time you will want get down in writing just who will be responsible for making each item.


Sometimes the decorations used in the church can serve double duty as reception hall decorations. Often the bows used to decorate the church pews can be brought to the reception and placed on the back of the chairs at the head table. If you’re planning on having flower arrangements at the ceremony then consider using them as table decoration at the reception hall. By finding a second use for the church decorations this could result in saving you a great deal of not only money but time.


As soon as you can you should start thinking about purchasing the materials to make your crafts. Take out your completed list of ideas and write down what materials you will need, putting like items together. Often buying in bulk will save you a great deal of money. Other ways of saving money on your materials is to sign up for the mailing list of your local craft stores. This way when they have special sales you will be notified. Another benefit of the being on a mailing list is that discount coupons not offered to regular customers will be sent to you. Sometimes by just shopping around at the discount rack at the off season you can find great bargains. For instance if your having a June wedding and your shopping in December you will most likely find the summer colors you need on sale. Going back to the web sites to check for bargains will also bring good results.


Ribbon is used for most of your wedding decorations, and you will find that large quantities are often needed. Depending on what types of bows you are making you can use between and 10 yards per bow. Some of the best places to purchase ribbon are at the large discount chain stores. They will often offer a lower price than the craft stores are able.


Just remember when you are making some of your decision on what to make that by choosing a decoration you can add a personnel touch to, it will make your day more memorable. For instance if the bride has a fondness for angels, using angels in your theme would be a nice personnel touch. You could perhaps make a wedding arch to be used at the ceremony with angels hanging down from either side. Another way to create a special effect is by incorporation candles into your decorating theme. This is an inexpensive way to add some sparkle and romance to a very special day. By creating your own decorations and personalizing them you not only save money but will create a very memorable day.





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Birds of a Feather

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Birds of a Feather even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Birds of a Feather in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.



Regina Connelly


Ankney, Rachel, ENG 11/D16


September 8, 00


Fiction Paper 1


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Birds of a Feather


Gish Jen’s “Who’s Irish?” is full of symbolism, allowing the reader the ability to find many levels of depth in this story. Jen uses a first person narrator to tell of the struggle to understand and live in a completely different culture. There are four pieces of symbolism that assist in the interpretation of this story Sophie, Sophie’s clothes, spanking, the birdfeeder.


Jen begins with her largest piece of symbolism, the granddaughter, Sophie. Sophie is the joining of two cultures, with her mother being Chinese and her father being Irish. Jen mentions these two ethnicities coming together, and meeting in the middle, with the transcontinental railroad, solidifying Sophie’s role. “I always thought Irish people are like Chinese people, work so hard on the railroad…” (17).


Sophie forces the narrator to find a way to accept her daughter’s choice in marriage. The granddaughter, being the embodiment of both cultures, brings both sides together in one innocent, little package. Both families have problems accepting the parts of Sophie that are not their own, but Jen focuses primarily on the grandmother’s battle “…now I know why the Chinese beat the Irish. Of course, not all Irish are like the Shea family, of course not. My daughter tell me I should not say Irish this, Irish that” (17).


Each part of Sophie’s ancestry is analyzed and compared throughout the story. She looks Chinese, but in the narrator’s opinion, acts Irish. She has brown skin, black hair and eyes, a perfectly sized nose, and is smart. The grandmother enjoys her appearance but “…already I see her nice Chinese side swallowed up by her wild Shea side” (Meyer 180).


One example of this is when Sophie strips off her clothes. This is the second piece of symbolism because clothing is seen by many as a second skin, a definition of self. When Sophie strips down, the grandmother sees her wild Irish side showing through. The narrator is quite clear about not liking Sophie’s insides. “Nothing the matter with Sophie’s outside, that’s the truth. It is inside that she is like not any Chinese girl I ever see” (181). When Sophie takes off her clothes she is being open and free. While in America this isn’t an uncommon occurrence among young children, it is absolutely appalling to the Chinese grandmother. The granddaughter was taught by a previous babysitter to love her body and be creative, another thing that makes no sense to our narrator. “In China we talk about whether we have difficulty or no difficulty. We talk about whether life is bitter or not bitter. In America, all day long, people talk about creative” (181).


The daughter, Natalie, and her husband, John, have a disagreement with the grandmother on how to stop Sophie from taking her clothes off all of the time. The grandmother wants to use the same technique she used on her daughter, spank her.


You spank her, she’ll stop, I say another day.


But they say, Oh no.


In America, parents not supposed to spank the child.


It gives them low self-esteem, my daughter say. And that leads to problems later, as I


happen to know. (18)


Natalie is trying to embrace the American culture and get away from the way she was raised. The spankings themselves represent one of many Chinese traditions that are trying to be changed in this story.


The grandmother uses spanking to try to “beat the Irish” out of Sophie, and at one point, even uses a stick. She does this to try and make Sophie less wild and more submissive, like Chinese children should be. It seems though that the spankings make Sophie wild and rebellious in other ways, such as hiding from her grandmother in the park. Sophie is exposed through these spankings to the more rigid upbringing that her mother received, and such spankings push the child further away from that which her grandmother is trying to instill in her. Furthermore, our narrator is trying to beat the Irish out of her granddaughter, and ironically ends up being Irish herself.


The last piece of symbolism is the birdfeeder at Bess Shea’s house. A birdfeeder is a place of constant action, birds come and eat and then leave again, coming back over and over. This is symbolic of Bess’ house. Her sons come and go, eating and consuming, but never really staying to keep Bess company, or to take care of her after her injury. Her sons don’t care where the food is coming from, or how the house is paid for, they just take for granted the fact that it is there. Not one of Bess’ four boys is employed and only one of them lives outside of the house. “…her boys, every one of them is on welfare, or so-called severance pay, or so-called disability pay. Something” (17).


A birdfeeder also tends to house many different kinds of birds, with no prejudice. This is also like Bess’ house. Not only is her daughter in law Chinese, and her granddaughter half, but Bess even invites the narrator to come and live with her as well. The Shea house becomes the middle ground for the acceptance of that which is not understood. While the sons are not comfortable with the narrator living there, Bess tells them that she is there to stay, “…a permanent resident” (185).





Sophie is in the center of this whole story. She is the embodiment of that happy medium that most people try to attain in their lives. Her character touched me in the way only a child’s innocence can. Her free spirit, that she shows by taking off her clothes, reminded me that ethnicity is only skin deep, but inner beauty can shine through any skin color.


While I have never had the struggle of being an immigrant, I feel everyone has fought to be accepted for who they are. The narrator using spanking to discipline Sophie, against the wishes of her daughter, made me realize that in the end people tend to go back to what is comfortable to them. Whether she is justified or not, the grandmother was simply acting within her character, being herself. If only the rest of the world could be as impartial as a birdfeeder, accepting everyone for who they are and offering equal opportunity to be sustained.





Works Cited


Meyer, Michael. “Who’s Irish”. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. 6th Edition. Boston, MA Bedford/St. Martins, 00. pp. 178-185








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Monday, April 23, 2012

rasicm in the workplace

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Racism has always been a major issue in the workplace. Some is just rude comments made in ears distance of others; some are comments or gestures made toward an individual. Catching it early or preventing it from ever happening is hard to do, but it is possible. According to Aaron Bernstein, “there are on average of ,000 cases of racism filed since 10”.(par 5). And in the year of 00 there were ,10 reported cases (EEOC). With modern day work groups this seems like an awfully high amount. How we control the business area and management can dramatically cut back on these numbers. Active polices and procedures should be a required step in fighting racism. Five ways to do this are stated by Eugenie Houston in “Combat racism in your work place”


The ways to ensure your policies and procedures send a clear equality message is to; 1) Send a clear message that racism will not be tolerated in the workplace, and make an open commitment to challenging racism. ) Make sure your equal opportunities statement includes an anti-racism element.) Make an action plan which defines your originations key strategies to combat racism 4) Implement a monitoring process to evaluate the effectiveness of your anti-racism activities and strategies. 5) Implement strategies to encourage the involvement of Black and minority ethnic employees in workplace structures and activities. ()


By following simple guidelines like these it would take a lot of stress out of the work area by simply not allowing racist behavior to exist in the work group. Also as a workgroup you should embrace the diversity in the group. Have events, such as different ethnic foods in the lunchroom, ethnic music, or even staff briefings. Racism seems to be one of the biggest issues in the workforce today, yet it is also one of the easiest ones to deal with and eliminate.


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A more difficult area to deal with is ageism. For the most part people believe that ageism cases deal with the younger group being excluded due to there age, but it is really the other way around. With a lagging economy and an aging workforce have been prime factors in a record high age discrimination claims in the fiscal year of 00. In the year ending Sept. 0, cases of ageism peaked at its greatest yet of 1,1 cases. (Mille, par 6) Many companies have begun to set up for this situation, where some are appealing to the older group of workers to help train and mold the younger generation of workers. Others are using the younger generation to help the older workers learn quicker ways of doing things. In Mille’s article Misner disagrees that an increasing presence of older workers means the companies soon will have to manage the inevitable “generation gap”. Misner states “I don’t see a clash on the horizon, instead I see them looking out for each other”.(par 50-51) Dealing with a generation gap and ageism is a little more difficult to figure out what to do, but if you simply apply the same rules as you do with the racism cases, you will learn that you can get past the age difference and possibly grow as a workgroup into an unstoppable team.





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The you

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hey Imagine you are walking across grassland in South America and you see a large animal. What could this animal be? It’s an Anteater. Anteaters live in Central and South America. As you know Anteaters eat ants. But they also eat termites and grubs. Did you know that it takes 5,000 ants or termites to fill up an Anteater. Right after a baby anteater is born they climb on to their mothers back. They do this because if a baby anteater is just walking an animal could eat it. Once the baby is too old it cannot climb onto its mothers back. There are different kinds of anteaters the Silky Anteater, Tamudua Anteater, and the Giant anteater. Most of the Anteaters are coved in with stiff brown or gray hair. Anteaters tongue can be up feet in length! They also have strong legs, sharp claws, and they can smell very well. Anteaters are known for there long tube like muzzles and mouths.


Imagine you are walking across the grasslands in South America and you see a large animal. What could this animal be? It’s an Anteater. Anteaters live in Central and South America. As you know, Anteaters eat ants. But they also eat termites and grubs. Did you know that it takes 5,000 ants or termites to fill up an Anteater? Right after a baby anteater is born they climb on to their mothers back. They do this because if a baby anteater is just walking an animal could eat it. Once the baby is too old it cannot climb onto its mother’s back. There are different kinds of anteaters the Silky Anteater, Tamudua Anteater, and the Giant Anteater. Most of the Anteaters are covered with stiff brown or gray hair. Anteaters sticky tongues can be up feet in length! They also have strong legs, sharp claws, and they can smell very well. Anteaters are known for there long tube like muzzles and mouths. Anteaters are very important to our forests and grasslands because they help keep our environment.








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Sunday, April 22, 2012

Religion, A curse in disguise?!

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I sometimes wonder what the prophets and the saints and the preachers and the demy-gods must be doing, (presuming they exist) whenever they see another life lost in the name of religion. This remark neednt be misinterpreted to be from a Satan-devotee... or a demented pessimist... it is in fact from the heart of an honest human, who has given a great deal of thought to the one subject that is seemingly misread by even the connoisseurs of the Bible and the scholars of the Qoran � Religion. I asked myself questions about why there is so much suffering in world today, and unlike Lord Buddha, the answer I got was not ‘desire’, as a matter of fact, it was ‘religion’, the root-cause of most terrorist activities in the modern day. Taking nothing away from Buddha though, religion too is in some ways becoming a desire, a craving to be the most dominant in numbers, to be the majority, so to speak.


Let’s, for the sake of simplification, take Islam and Christianity as our examples. When Jesus Christ preached, when he taught his sermons, I’m sure he never said that ‘ thy shalt be cured of all evil if thy sign-up as a Christian’, or perhaps, ‘register as a follower and no evil shall haunt thee’. Yet missionaries all round the world, aiming at increasing conversion-rates and thereby resurrecting statistical pointers, have the relentless tendency of painting that very picture in the eyes of the path-seekers… that ‘Christianity’ is self-curing, and that Christianity alone is the path to His divinity and that Non-Christians are trotting along blindly. Instead of spreading the content of Christ’s teachings and its real-world implications, they run a crash-course program with a stipulated time-constraint, and mop up by offering free meals to those interested in converting into Christians and adding to their numbers. The 1st century priests do this in the third world countries, the backward and underdeveloped nations, getting a few hundred new entrants into their slowly expanding list of newly baptized Christians. It’s become a kind of a code for them, a steroid that blesses them with a satisfying day’s work and a sound sleep at night. Sleeping even more soundly in another corner of the world are the Maullanahs and the preachers of the Qoran and Islam, after having brainwashed another Mussalman (Muslim) to get ready to become a Muscleman � a Jehaadi, a freedom fighter for Islam. To be ready to steer a passenger-packed aircraft, headlong into a couple of towers full of breadwinners for several thousand families… all in the name of religion… all as a ‘thanks’ to Allah. ‘Allah-o-Akbar’, they say moments before they burst into flames for a cause they consider worth dying for, and more importantly - killing for! Now, if that doesn’t break the heart of Mohammed � The Prophet then lets send Morpheus � the Greek God of sleep and dreams to wake up the Prophet. Pardon me if you think I’m abusing God or any of his forms… in reality I am God-fearing myself. But the God I believe in is someone far too uncomplicated for most to comprehend.


To the reader, or the listener, here is a last word of advice (or should I say opinion) � “Don’t get carried away with the words in your birth-certificate typed under the caption ‘Religion of birth’ � it’s not that big a deal!!”





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How to make the perfect Pizza

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Making the perfect pizza is like an artist making a masterpiece. It takes time and practice to make a great pizza. The more you work at it, the better your pizza will look time after time. Don’t get frustrated if your pizza doesn’t come out the way you want it. The part of pizza making is like a fine wine…it gets better with age.


The first thing you will need to make the pizza are all the ingredients and utensils. The ingredients you will need consist of dough, pizza sauce, sugar, cheese, and pepperoni. You can also add other toppings on your pizza such as mushrooms, sausage, bacon, and peppers if you’d like to. Utensils you will need are as followed; a pizza pan about the size of the pizza you want to make, a medium size bowl, a fork, a long handle metal spoon, and a pizza cutter to cut your pizza with.


First, we can start out by making your sauce. I like to use pre-made pizza sauce to simplify the pizza making process. After I pour the can of pizza sauce into a bowl, I add a ½ cup of sugar. After that, stir up your sauce until the sugar dissolves. If you want to make your own sauce, I’m sure you can find many different recipes over the Internet. Use one that suits your tastes and needs.


Now that we have our sauce made, we need to spread our dough out on the pizza pan. If you put vegetable spray on the pan and your hands, it will help you to spread the dough on to the pan. Take your dough and roll it into a ball and place it in the center of your pizza pan. Take your hands and spread out the dough, from the middle of the pan outwards. If you start at the outside ends of the dough then your pizza will be too thick in the middle and too thin around the edges. It’s a good idea to spread the dough out so it’s about the same thickness all the way around the pan.


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The next step you can do is optional. If you take a fork or some like a fork and poke little holes in the pizza dough, it will help keep your pizza from bubbling up. The idea behind this is to let some of the carbon dioxide escape from the yeast, thus causing your pizza not to rise as much. The holes only need to be about as big as a fork prong; this is why I like to use a fork. Take the fork and poke holes all over your pizza; you can almost never have enough holes in your dough.


Once the dough is spread to the size you want your pizza, then your ready for the sauce. You can use a spoon, ladle, or pretty much whatever you want to use to spread the sauce out on the pizza. It doesn’t really make that much of a difference what you use. I use a large metal spoon but that’s my preference. Take the sauce and spread it all around the dough leaving only the crust bare. You can use as much or as little sauce as you’d like, some people like a lot and others like just a little bit. Spread it evenly over the pizza in a circular motion, this seems to work the best.


After that, we have our toppings. Everyone has different tastes, so use whatever toppings you like. Take whatever cheese you prefer and put it on top of the sauce. Keep doing this until the sauce is pretty much covered by the cheese, this will leave a good base to put your final toppings on. Take the rest of your toppings and put as much of them as you want, after all, it’s your pizza.


Finally, we get to cook our pizza. Preheat an oven to 65°F. After your oven is heated properly, slide your pizza in. Cooking your pizza will take about eight minutes or so roughly. When the cheese is melted and the outside edges of the dough are a golden brown, your pizza should be just about done. If you like your pizza crust crispy, leave it in the oven for a little bit longer. If you like it slightly on the doughy side, take it in out in about 6 minutes or so.


This is how you make the perfect pizza. Of course, everyone’s idea of the perfect pizza is different but this is just a guide on how to set it up and make it. The real touch of the pizza is what ingredients you use and how you use them. That’s what makes the pizza truly unique.





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Saturday, April 21, 2012

nature of tourism and its impact on economic activity

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ÞThe Nature of Tourism


Tourism can be defined as the temporary movement of people outside their normal place of work and residence, together with the activities undertaken during their stay at those destinations and the facilities created to cater for visiting tourists,


Tourism is distinguishable from travel undertaken in the past by its mass character, and is now not a luxury only for the upper classes.


Tourism is a luxury, with most people in the developed world and increasing numbers of people living in developing countries engaging in tourism at some time in their lives. Tourism is accepted and accustomed, and has become a good indicator of economic status and is considered necessary for good health and personal being.


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ÞDefining Tourism.


Tourism is a productive activity that encompasses human behaviour, use of resources, and interaction with other people, economies and environments. It involves physical movement of tourists to locations other than their normal place of living. It involves consumption of goods and services provided by organisations in the process, and generate a mass productive activity, employment and income.


Tourism is a highly complex productive activity. It involves the activities and interests not only of large transport undertakings, owners of tourist sites and attractions, and of various tourist services at the destination but also of all levels of government. Each of these serves the resident population and visitors. For countries delivering the tourist product it makes a significant contribution to GDP, employment, investment and FOREX earnings. It is a major catalyst for economic growth and structural change. It also diversifies employment prospects.


ÞTourism is dependant on a large number of economic activities supplying inputs to the industries that directly cater for tourists and producing consumer durables used for tourist activity.


Characteristics of tourism are


- Constantly operating industry, seasonal fluctuations


- Labour-intensive industry


- Lack of barriers to entry


- Small business predominates


- Important medium for educational and cultural exchange


- Sheer numbers


- Growing levels of consumer expenditure


- A few producers dominate


- New tourist attractions are regularly opening


- Mass tourists products have little differentiation.


- The impacts of tourism are broad ranging (economic, social, environmental)


ÞTwo forms of tourism


- International Tourism


Travel to country outside residence


- Domestic Tourism


Travel within tourist country.


ÞSpatial Pattern


Travel and tourism is the world largest industry. Western Europe and North America dominate global tourist flows. Total world tourism grew throughout the 180s and 10s at around 4% per annum. The range of destinations now encompasses virtually all countries in the developed world and many of those in the developing world. There has been spectacular growth in the Asia-Pacific region. Countries which are good destinations have sufficient environmental safeguards and a trained workforce.


Tourism has developed in many contexts. Modern mass tourism has origins in affluence of industrialised countries of West Europe, North America, and Japan. Tourism has also expanded significantly in East Europe, Asia, Africa and the Caribbean. It has developed in liberal and western societies and in a variety of physical environments.


Tourism has also developed in a wide variety of physical environments, with many different environments within a country becoming favourable tourist destinations. These environments may include


- Islands


- Alpine


- Coasts


- Countryside


ÞFactors affecting tourism


The tourism industry is multi faceted. Many components of tourism are inextricably bound to other economic sectors, and other forms of accommodation to commercial development. The spatial interaction that arises out of the tourist’s movement from origin to destination and factors affecting it lend themselves to analysis.


1. The biophysical and built environment


- A countries biophysical environment, cultural heritage and artistic life represent integral components of its tourist industry. Various types of tourism have differing requirements for favourable development and some countries will be more favourable for development than others.


- The industry is ultimately located according to the spatial distribution of attractions and access to them, which is largely determined by environmental factors. The tourist destination must offer tings the tourist seeks and needs.


- Tourist behaviour patterns are influenced by environment conditions, and they may place constraints on types of developments. Natural characteristics are highly desirable and should complement infrastructure and attractions.


- Climate is a special consideration, and favourable weather conditions are essential. For each tourist activity there is an optimal climate, and climate often determines the length and profitability of the holiday season at a resort.


. Technological change


- One of the most important variables affecting tourism is technological change. In the twentieth century, transport technology allowed the spread of mass tourism to a widespread array of destinations, which were previously not reachable by rail or ship.


- Manufacturers are constantly developing the capabilities of vehicles. Such developments influence places which can be reached, in terms of social and cost constraints.


- The development of wide-bodied long haul jets i.e. Boeing 747 was a major impetus to the growth of tourism.


. Sociocultural Influences


- Participation in tourism is affected by a number of demographic and social factors, such as age distribution, family life cycle, level of education, occupation structure, and population concentration. Demographic and social changes should profoundly affect the propensity of populations to indulge in tourism in the future.


- Increased life expectancy and changing workforce composition is also important. Increasing participation rates of women have provided a boost to tourism, because two income families have higher discretionary income. There is also a growing number of DINK’s who frequently travel.


4. Economic factors


- Tourism is among the strongest performing sectors of the global economy. Tourism is a major source of employment with the provision of accommodation, catering, transport, entertainment and other service industries important. There is also an enormous amount of productive activity generated indirectly by tourism. It is an important instrument for facilitating economic growth because of its wide multiplier effects.


- Tourism is Australia contributes 17.Bn in export earnings to the Australian economy.


- Changing economic circumstances largely determine the magnitude of the tourist industry. With higher levels of development, the employment structure changes, and a more affluent society creates a demand for tourists products.


5. Cultural influences


- Features of historical or cultural interest exert a powerful attraction for tourists. Three major forms of culture attract visitors


- Forms of culture that are inanimate such as monuments


- Forms of culture reflected in the normal daily lives of a destination


- Forms of culture at are especially animated and may involve events such as festivals.


- Tourism is often accompanied by cultural exchanges and cultural enrichment. These contacts can have harmful effects where native cultures and traditional ways of life are weakened or destroyed.


6. Political influences


- Governments at all levels and of all persuasions have recognised that while tourism is basically private sector, its impact requires government involvement.


- Government profoundly affects the economic climate in which tourism operates. The government’s principal role is to foster the development of the industry that can best prosper consistent with broad economic, social and environmental objectives.


ÞThe relationship between production and consumption


Tourism as a productive activity consists of three major components the country of origin of tourists; destinations; and routes travelled between locations.


1. Tourism generating areas


Represent homes of tourists. These areas represent the main tourist markets in the world and major marketing functions of tourism are found here.


. Tourism destination areas


Attract tourists by offering what isn’t available at home.


Transit routes link these two areas of productive activity and are key elements. They are the main transport component of productive activity.


As tourists travel they acquire an experience made up of many different parts. These activities are extremely interdependent.


ÞThe changing nature of the production process.


The growth of tourism throughout the twentieth century was closely associated with rising living standards in the developed world. In the first half of the twentieth century the opportunity to travel remained largely the privilege of the wealthier people in society, but periods of rapid growth following WW enabled more people to travel. The car and aircraft became the main mode of transport. A number of important changes are associated with the development on the industry


- Internationalisation of tourism


Tourism has become globalised. The global transportation infrastructure is rapidly becoming an interconnected pathway all over the world. The level of globalisation has increased as more countries participate in international travel.


- Organisational developments


The organisation of tourism comes from two sources the government and private sectors.


Recognising the contribution tourism makes towards a countries economic and social well being nearly all governments have organisations to promote tourism. The extents of their responsibilities vary.


The opportunities which exist in tourism give rise to a mix of large and small scale operations catering for all the tourist needs from origin to destination. As with other productive activities there has been a significant growth of corporate involvement in tourism. Much of the growth in large tourism companies arises from the very competitive nature of many tourist markets and destinations and a drive for greater market share and economies of scale.


ÞSocial Impacts of tourism





Tourism is driven by individual consumer decisions.


The evolving tourism product


Package Tours


The package tour is sold for an all inclusive price, and this is usually cheaper bringing holidays in reach of a much larger section of the market. Consumers have a wise variety of choice. Contiki tours are a good example of a company catering for 18-5 year olds world wide. Contiki has an arrangement with Cathay Pacific.


Small group tours


Small group tours are a popular alternative. They utilise local resources and services wherever possible.


Individual travel


Many tourists are actively planning their own travel experience. They prefer to individualise their own itinerary rather than be locked into a group tour. Experienced travellers are seeking to fulfil specific desires. This reflects the desire of travellers for new and different experiences. More specialised demands has seen tourism as a productive activity respond.


Adventure travel


Cultural and environmental travel


Rural tourism


ÞEconomic impacts of tourism


Increasing the scale of production


The profit motive has encouraged development of large scale operations and an increase in the size of the companies involved. Increasing scale is especially evident in the accommodation sector. The scale of operations in the hotel sector continues to expand. While large hotel chains can exploit economies of scale, the small independents can compete on the basis of cost, and personalised service.


Horizontal and vertical integration


Growth in the scale of production and increases in the concentration of ownership and control have generally come about through horizontal and vertical integration. A business may expand or develop by itself or seek to combine with other businesses.


Transnationals operations


Integration in tourism has continued to point where operations become multinational or transnationals in nature. The pattern of multinational development varies. Clearly a global marketplace provides greater market potential and opportunities to secure a competitive advantage. Companies wishing to diversify their portfolio will expand activities overseas.


ÞTechnological impacts of tourism


Tourism receives substantial research funds to facilitate the development of new technology. They change every area of this productive activity.


Consumer choice


Tourist motivation and decision making are increasingly shaped by changing technology. The Internet has allowed a wealth of information to become available to tourists. Hotel facilities, reservations, and attractions to name a few.


Transport Technologies


Aircraft


Future developments in aircraft will favour larger capacity aircraft, but still subsonic speed. The amount of power to propel aeroplanes increases with speed. Therefore new aircraft are unlikely to travel any faster than existing, but they will have a greater range and more seating reducing the costs of travel.


Land Transport


Transport is now faster and more competitive over long trips. This has come hand in hand with infrastructure development.


Sea Transport


The cruise industry is growing particularly fast. The world’s cruise fleet has doubled in the last decade of the 0th century.


Keeping track of people and possessions


Computerisation allows transport operators to work more efficiently, and generates a wealth of data which can be used for planning marketing activities. Global satellite networks have provided powerful new marketing tools. Technology has transformed the distribution process.


ÞPolitical impacts of tourism


Most governments now actively seek to promote tourism to and within their countries and take steps to coordinate public and private tourism activities and to foster industry growth. Government support has been less forthcoming in some parts of the developed world. In many developing countries tourism is seen as a way of accelerating economic development. Some governments have also encouraged the development of international tourism to further their own political objectives.


The changing political and economic environment


- Collapse of the soviet union and opening up Eastern Europe


- Switch from centralised economies to free market economies in China and India


- Creation of NAFTA


The nature of government involvement


Tourism promotion


Primary contribution of governments is to promote tourism both to and within their country. The most direct means is to establish tourism organisations to influence the path of tourism development. Australia’s ministry of tourism carries out this role, and its goals include


- Provide government with a clear statement for future development of industry


- Enhance community awareness of economic, environmental and cultural significance of tourism.


Facilitating visitor entry


Ease of access to a country is a key factor in attracting tourists. If visitor entry formalities are complicated tourism will suffer. Some countries now have visa free arrangements with certain countries.


Transport policy


The availability, pricing and ease of transport dictates the flow of tourists both within and between countries. The distribution of transport also influences the level of dispersal of tourists. Governments are generally responsible for the provision of transportation infrastructure and equipment. Many airlines have entered into alliances that enable them to reduce costs and increase passenger load. Governments are under pressure to deregulate international airlines further.


General economic policy


Government policies have direct and indirect implications. For example policies imposes when governments are grappling with high levels of inflation can reduce disposable incomes thereby limiting spending on tourism. Government taxes, chares and levies increase costs to tourists.


ÞEnvironmental and social impacts of tourism


Two major issues threaten the long term survival of tourism environmental degradation; and undesirable social impacts, which often accompany the growth of tourism.


Tourism and the environment


Tourist developments tend to be located near attractive or unique features of the biophysical environment. Exploitation for tourism often places a heavy strain on such natural resources. The greatest threat is to those which are most vulnerable to natural and human-induced stress.


Tourism can contribute to


- A deterioration of air and water supplies


- Destruction of natural landscape


- Damage to vegetation


- Threats to wildlife


The challenge is to develop procedures to assess the potential environmental impacts of tourism related developments. Other mechanisms available to address the impact of tourism are regulations, the establishment and management of national parks, preservation of significant heritage sites, and enactment of legislation that helps conserve our cultural and natural resources.


The link between tourism development and environmental protection is critical for the future success of this productive activity. Uncontrolled development could well destroy attraction to visitors. With adequate planning by government the threat that environmental degradation poses to global tourism can be overcome.


Social impacts of tourism


Social contact between tourists and residents can be mutually beneficial


1. Resident population can gain a greater understanding of the visitor’s culture as well as demand for traditional activities thereby preserving parts of the national heritage.


. Tourist patronage brings revenue and maintains these facilities for local use as well. The tourists may go home with a better understanding of the host country and its culture and traditions.


Tourism development may promote mutual misunderstanding, hostility and social tension as residents lifestyles are affected by tourists. This can include prostitution, crime and gambling.


Social policy and provision of community services must become an integral part of tourism planning, by tourist operators and the host government. If this is not done hostility towards visitors may emerge, which could reduce tourist flows and viability.


ÞFuture Directions


Tourism is the world largest productive activity. It is embraced by governments as a result of its potential source of income and employment. The future pace and directions of tourisms explosive growth will be determined by


- Affordability


Propensity to travel will remain closely aligned to prevailing economic conditions.


- Accessibility


As transport technology makes long hauls more affordable, more people will be able to participate in international travel. Destinations chosen will reflect perceived security.


- Accommodation


Tourists will be drawn to destinations which best meets their needs. The tourism industry is attempting to provide travel experiences to meet every budget and situation.


- Attractions


Technology will continue to develop and enhance the tourism experience. Market research will lead operators to promote new tourist products.


- It is likely there will be few barriers to international travel. Tourists will be courted by both the developed and developing countries, for the economic developments.


- Those involved in tourism will have to assume greater responsibility. Both the tourist experience and host population should be considered as does environmental quality.


- A basic strategy in tourism development is to retain and preserve the aspects that set a destination apart. Environmental codes of ethics and development guidelines should be implemented to keep tourism sustainable and viable in the coming century.


- As national boarders open up, the population ages and becomes more affluent, and tourism is promoted increasing numbers of people will travel.


- As a productive activity, tourisms importance within the global economy will continue to grow.


ÞThe advantages and disadvantages of tourism


Advantages


- Tourism earns foreign income which can be used to pay for imports


- Unique environments are often protected


- Tourism creates jobs and is labour intensive


- Local produce can be sold to hotels and resorts


- There is foreign investment in airports etc


- Profits can be used to improve housing, schools etc


- Local customs and heritage are preserved


- Increased cultural understanding


Disadvantages


- 10-0% of income received stays in the country; most hotels are foreign owned.


- Lack of planning results in facilities being built in the wrong places, spoiling scenic sites


- Much of employment is seasonal and poorly paid


- Agricultural systems break down as land is sold to developers; much food eaten by tourists is imported


- Locals discouraged from using hotel facilities; few can afford


- Borrowed money can increase the countries debt


- Local customs are destroyed through prostitution, crime and drugs.


- Lack of respect for local customs and religious beliefs.








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Trojan wars

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To what extent can the details of the Trojan Wars described by Homer in the Iliad be proven? Are these events mere myth or can Homer be considered in any way a reflection of real events and “real” history?


The Trojan Wars seemed to be an event, which occurred sometime in the 1th century B.C. This story has been recorded in many different ways but has been recorded first and foremost in the two books written by a man called Homer.


The only written source and recordings of the Trojan Wars is from Homer, written in his two books “The Iliad and the odyssey” The search for the remains from the war began from this famous tale.


Both of Homer’s books are based on the classic tale that was transmitted orally or handed down from the actual time of the event for five hundred years before it was finally put to paper, and recorded in written from. “Homer lived before 700B.C in the coast of Turkey an ionic new world, which saw the birth of psalms and philosophy.” Before the story was written it could have been possible for it to change drastically before Homer recorded it. There is also the Roman equivalent called the Aneid. Known for the language that maintains rhythm, structure, metaphors, themes and repetition the main points are emphasised and easily put forward clearly to the reader. The text is repeated in chunks, lines, motifs and phrases to make it more memorable. Homer reproduces human themes in a human event ; he used these themes to demonstrate the actual events that could have occurred in history. Even in translated form he manages to capture the reader’s imagination. The older the translations are the more accurate they have proven to be. 550 B.C is the age that the earliest texts or manuscripts have dated from. They are now in the Modigi library in Florence . The tale describes the archaeological image of war and universal suffering, the destruction of cultures and the religious Mycenaean Gods who for entertainment purposes are the cause for the beginning of the wars. He describes actual sites, locations and objects some of which have been thought to have been found or located today. He creates an entertaining and interesting story that due to its increasing popularity it has continued to be told for three thousand years. Homer was not a historian. He wrote to entertain. The question that is to be answered is Homer telling this story just for entertainment purposes and is recalling a myth or was history a major feature in his tale? Why was the story passed down orally for so many years? This story has had such an impact on our human culture; there must be a reason for the story to last for so long.


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Homer describes Troy in such a way, with such suspense and metaphorical meaning that archaeologists were drawn to the tale to uncover more. Homer describes the sophisticated cities with such detail that they suggest that they could have existed. He describes them as wealthy, traders who created well-built walls, had wide streets and were known for their excellent horse breeding skills. The people were war-like and brutal and strongly believed their lives were controlled by the gods. The people’s central authority was based at the city of Mycenae; the cities were almost always built with great walls and were situated on hills or naturally defended areas that were either high or rocky. There were high towers and palaces built like a fortress. The cities tended to be Citadels . Homer explains that there was a break in the western wall, that some walls were breached and that the city was sacked and burned. He describes that the entire royal family was exterminated. He tells of one thousand ships, of a wooden horse and mentions over one hundred cities including Sparta, Thebes, Pylos, Mycenae and Orchonmenos. The period Homer is describing is clearly the Mycenaean period . Homer’s writing points to a real society and civilisation. To some extent Homer’s descriptions have been archeologically proven. If Homer can identify real geographical areas, real places, real sites and walls is he talking about a real war? Homer’s style, identity and Bardic texts affect our understanding of the validity of the Trojan wars. To prove Homer’s stated facts, they must be first be pieced together with evidence to find the site of Troy.


With this first step we can slowly start to prove if the events were mere myth or a reflection of “real” history.


The story of Troy tells of the last great adventure of the heroic age. It begins with a golden apple and an impossible choice. Three great goddesses, Hera, Athene and Aphrodite ask Paris of Troy to ask who is the loveliest. This is just the beginning of the story, the story of beautiful Helen and the judgement of Paris; of the gathering of the heroes, and the siege of Troy; of Archilles reared by the Centaur on wild Honey and the marrow of lions; of Odysseus and the great strategy of the first wooden horse, and of his many adventures on his long journey home to Greece .


“The legend has been told and told again, passed down for thousands of years. Yet they still remain as vivid and exiting as they were all those years ago” .


The excitement and suspense to figure out if these events really did exist has consequently made many archaeologists search for the Trojan wars. Research to see how much of Homer’s story was true and how much is myth has taken place numerous times over the years, and has created many new ideas, theories and discoveries from different people. All the different opinions have contributed to trying to uncover history, which in turn has made up history itself.


Any book or reading material can be read or interpreted in different ways. Many believe that Homer’s poetry contained many metaphors that were symbols for “real” events that may have actually occurred. Helen herself could have been the metaphor for the women flax weavers that were often stolen from the Asian coast by the Myceneans/Trojans and bought back as slaves. She could have also been a metaphor for the riches of Troy and the Black sea trade that the Mycenaeans did not have access to as it was controlled by the Trojans. The wooden horse may have been a metaphor for an earthquake. Particularly because at this time the horse was also a symbol for earthquakes and the God Poseidon (normally associated with the sea) or the Roman equivalent Neptune who was associated with natural disasters . Was the entire story a metaphor for the end of the Bronze Age? Perhaps the hidden messages were purposely created metaphorically so that in years to come we would be able to discover the code and realize “real” history was being described here.


The three main archaeology heroes that made the biggest impact on discovering the Trojan wars were Schlieman, Blegan, and Dorpfeld; each had a huge contribution and passion to uncovering the story of Troy and proving that it actually may have occurred.


Schlieman was one of the first archaeologists. As Archaeology was a new science he discovered, found and established some very important details that were the first of their kind at this time. Although some mistakes were made he was doing it to the best of his ability and did manage to teach his followers of the problems he had and of the achievements he made. Schlieman had the Drive, bravery and the money to travel out there and begin to dig. Schlieman discovered what was thought to be his version of Troy, in Hisalick named Troy VI. While Schlieman was the first to dig in levels he made a major mistake by digging straight to the bottom and ruining all of the upper layers. He believed Troy was at the bottom but was really on the third or fourth level. Schlieman’s main source of research was Homer’s Iliad. At first he couldn’t find any evidence of the city because he didn’t have a proper understanding of what he was looking at. The search for Troy with the big “strong walls” and that was “rich in gold” seemed impossible; this was especially as he was looking at the wrong level . In 187 a miraculous treasure was uncovered. Schlieman found some elements of the Gold he was looking for as well as copper and silver items. Suddenly Homer’s past was coming to life. He found hundreds of rings, earrings and jewels. He believed they were the Jewels of Helen herself but they were found to have been dated one thousand years too early. “Everything I discovered appeared strange and mysterious” Frank Calburt stated.


Schlieman also found a Bronze Age citadel under a Roman Hellenistic city; the city had great walls, evidence of war, and Mycenaean pottery. Nine layers were uncovered in Hisalick. This makes a connection between Troy and Mycenae, and proves they existed at the same time. No one had ever done this before. All of these discoveries were described exactly by Homer, as he was describing something that could be proved true, it is possible that other details described by Homer could be proved true also. He also identified the prehistoric Greek and Mycenaean ages accurately. Schlieman found frescoes, murals and paintings; whether he discovered Troy or not he still found many new things and the world that Homer was describing seemed to exist.


Dörpfeld was another archaeologist that discovered new artefacts. He was an architect and archaeologist. His major discoveries were Troy VI and much evidence about Troy VI. Here he found evidence of total destruction and also found signs of a struggle and warfare. His Troy was also a rich city that like Homer described had “great walls” and “tall towers”. Dörpfeld uncovered pottery, bronze weapons, arrow heads and axes which all supported the theory that war occurred here. The Troy that Dörpfeld uncovered (VII A) Is the city that is believed to be the closest to Homer’s descriptions .


Finally there was Blegen the archaeologist that was the most technologically advanced. Blegen was an American; he had a fresh new vision a “modern” way of thinking and formed his own ideas and theories. Blegen began excavating his site of Troy VII A the Shanty Town, which was at the height 1th century B.C situated in Mycenae. He excavated further with an American team and at this time knew more accurate and scientific methods of excavation. Blegen discovered that there was clear evidence of an earthquake occurring from architectural remains. In his Troy he found remnants of a lost civilisation, grinders, ovens, fireplaces, bins, slop trays, wine dispensers, an arrow head and sunken storage jars were all uncovered. All of these discoveries were proven scientifically to be destroyed by fire . Blegen also made a remarkable discovery, which cancelled out some past theories that had been hypothesized. In Pylos known as “sandy Pylos” he discovered some tablets with writing on them. The writing was named Linear B. No one had ever excavated around this area before and so he made a great discovery. The text was a very difficult and archaic form but was translated as a very early Greek style. The translation indicated that at the time of the Trojan wars there was an emergency situation and there was a need for more soldiers, weapons and supplies; it clearly describes a city on the brink of war . Especially as like Homer described the Mycenaean world seemed to be preparing for war. A clear indication that “real” history had been shown to some extent here.


Many other records that provide more support to the extent the wars can be proven are the Hittite, pottery, fresco and Egyptian records. The Hittite records are a non-subjective record that recalled the events that occurred in that region. They explained Troy’s downfall after being attacked from the sea. Pottery and fresco records allow the rate of technology to be measured and to see the style of art used. Art represents one aspect of the original information displayed. The Egyptian records were found in tombs of Egyptian kings who were living at the time of the Trojan wars. Many artefacts from Mycenaean cities were found indicating that trade contacts had been made and the rich goods indicate prosperity.


With the combination of all of the facts we are able to conjure a conclusion, depending on how history is written we can see here that there are as many conclusions as beginnings.


The many hypothetical statements, discoveries and deciphering have meant that many conclusions have been made. There is no right conclusion. “In archaeology truth depends on interpretation” meaning that “Everybody’s Troy is different from everybody else’s Troy” . With all of the archaeologists that devoted themselves to locating the truth, with Homer, the other records and the artefacts themselves we can measure the extent to which we can prove the Trojan wars. But without all of this clearly we would be far from knowing if the wars were just myth or a reflection of “real” history, each discovery brings us a step closer to proving the Wars but without more evidence the forever-famous tale will always remain a mystery.


Bibliography


1. Bahn Paul G. (ed.) (16) “The Story of Archaeology”. London George Weidenfeld & Nicoloson Ltd.


. Lancelyn Green R. (158) “Heroes of Greece and Troy”. London Penguin Books Ltd.


. Lancelyn Green R. (158) “The Tale of Troy”. London Penguin Books Ltd


4. Khanduri Kamini (18) “Tales of the Trojan War” London Usborne Publishing Ltd


5. Lawless J., Cameron K., Young C. (16) “Unlocking the Past” Victoria, Melbourne Nelson Australia Pty Limited


6. Roebuck C. (166) “The World of Ancient Times” USA Charles Scribner’s Son’s


7. Usborne (11) “The Usborne Book of Ancient World” London Usborne


8. Woods M. (185) “In search of the Trojan Wars” Video.


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