GIUSEPPE'S ORIGINAL SAUSAGE COMPANY

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GIUSEPPE’S

ORIGINAL

SAUSAGE

COMPANY




TABLE OF CONTENTS

Company Background and History

The Vision and Mission Statement

The Objectives

1. Financial

. Strategic

Analysis and Evaluation

1. Industry and Competitive Analysis

• Dominant Characteristics

• The 5 Competitive Forces

• The Driving Forces

• Competitive Position of Major Companies � Strategic Map

• Key Success Factors

• Industry Prospects and Overall Attractiveness

. Internal and External Situation of the Company

• The Current Strategy

• SWOT Analysis

• The Price Structure

• The Strength of the Company’s Competitive Position �

The Weighted Competitive Strength Assessment

Financial Analysis

Company’s financial difficulties

Income statement

Revenues

Ratios



Recommendations

COMPANY BACKGROUND AND HISTORY

“The art of making sausage came naturally to Cotrone. He began by making custom sausages out of the kitchen in his home in the early 10s. His original customers included friends, associates, and patrons at the restaurant where he worked as a bartender. In addition to serving specialty sausages at the bar, Cotrone also sold them from a cooler he kept in his car. Customer demand soon exceeded Cotrones production capabilities, so he made plans to open a full-scale sausage company outside his home.

Giuseppe’s Original Sausage Company began to take shape in late 11. As his personal capital dwindled, Cotrone had no choice but to initiate a search for external investors.

In late 1, Giuseppe’s opened its doors to business, with sales to Seessel’s (a local upscale grocery chain) and local restaurants. Sales were slow during the initial years. The outside investors Cotrone has recruited kept Giuseppe’s afloat through the lean times before sales began to slowly increase by the mid-10s. While Cotrone focused the majority of his attention on sales to local restaurants, Seessel’s, and Kroger (a national retail grocery chain) during the mid-10s, he also developed a flyer that featured his specialty sausages and could be sent or given to his ever-expanding individual customers.

By late 17, Giuseppe’s had sales of over $50,000 due to larger-order quantities from an expanding customer base, including the newly established Tunica, Mississippi, casinos. Giuseppe’s staff included a plant manager, a full-time sausage maker, and a pert-time salesperson.”

THE VISION AND MISSION STATEMENT

Through the Master Strategist Approach, the CEO came up with two vision statements. First, “he had a vision of operating a sausage company in which he could create a variety of different sausages using exotic meats and spices”. The second vision “was to grow the business to a stage where he could afford to hire the necessary staff to run the day-to-day operations”.

Already, we can identify a problem here. Indeed, the vision statement is too vague. It doesn’t tell us the firm’s values or purpose. It doesn’t have a core group of customers, actually, it doesn’t even take the customers into consideration.

We could restate the vision as being the following “be recognized as the national leader in the specialty sausage industry, to produce the highest quality product possible, and to keep abreast of all its customers changing tastes and preferences”.

THE OBJECTIVES

1. FINANCIAL

• Hire a food broker to help the company to expand its volume of sales

• Hire a part-time bookkeeper to manage the books

• Invest time to operationalize the computer’s system (Microsoft Office, Small Business Edition)

• Identify its primary customers based on the sales and profits (retail segment, food service, individual customers)

• Increase revenues

• Realize a profit margin

• Increase the quick ratio

. STRATEGIC

• Increase the market share

• Increase the brand recognition

• Expand the geographic coverage

• Create new varieties of sausages to suit customers tastes

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION (we are in 17)

1. INDUSTRY AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS

DOMINANT CHARACTERISTICS

• The size of the market exceeds $ million.

• The sausage industry is a competitive market. Approximately 5 to 0 major brands are sold in the Memphis retail market.

• The direct competitors are identified as being the larger regional and national companies such as Bryan, Jimmy Dean, and Johnsonville. Their prices range from $1. to $..

• The total market had grown at a rate of 18.% from 16, 15.5% in Memphis.

• The buyers are divided into two major segments the retail and the food service. The retail segment of the market is composed of supermarkets like Piggly Wiggly, Kroger, and Seessel’s. Most supermarkets have a demand from their customers for specialty and ethnic products. The food service segment consists of restaurants, education facilities, and large food-preparation companies. Restaurants and casinos represent a niche market where high quality and unique flavored sausages are desirable.

• It is very easy to enter the market (this is explained later on). The cost of exiting the industry differs among companies due to their capital investments. It varies based on their commitments to plant, equipment, and distribution chain.

• There is no need for fast technological innovation because the technology of sausage production is a standard in the industry (although technological changes might lower the time and cost of production). The technology to produce sausages is very basic and easy to learn.

• There is a need for specific distribution channels in order to access the market. It is very important to gain relationships with brokers to facilitate sales in both the restaurant and supermarket segments.

• The economies of scales in this industry imply the following

- Producing more sausages lowers the cost of production per sausage

- Purchasing in bulk lowers the cost of raw materials

- Shipping out product in bulk lowers the cost of shipment

• The capital requirements for entering the industry are low. One could

manufacture sausage out of one’s own kitchen.

• Due to the nature of this specialty industry, the companies can maintain low

cost but charge premium prices, which increases the overall profit margin.

THE 5 COMPETITIVE FORCES

1. Rivalry between competitive sellers

Competition among the sellers centers on price, but also on other features like special promotions, advertising, and the variety of product offerings. Rivals establish themselves through value, brand recognition and nutrition. The company’s sales in 17 amounted $57,65. In the same year, the retail segment exceeded $ million in sales, giving Giuseppe’s a market share of about 1.8%.



. The ease of entry of new companies

As the market for dinner sausage continued to grow, new entrants were expected. As evidenced by Guiseppe’s it was possible for a new company to enter the industry in a relatively short time. Government regulations (USDA regulations) erected some barriers to entry, but the major barrier came from the ability of the large companies to wage significant marketing campaigns. This comes out of the existence of economies of scale the sales of the market leaders allow them to afford fierce and expensive advertising campaigns, since they can spread out the costs, which puts the new entrants in a situation of cost disadvantage. Other barriers would be customer loyalty and brand preferences, and the specialized know-how of a company (recipes). The ease of entry is a threat to existing companies due to the low capital requirements and due to the small importance of the learning curve. In addition, all new entrants have the ability to compete for deals with the brokers and distributors.

. Substitute products

The threat of substitute products is extremely high. Substitutes of worse, equal, and better quality are easily available in large supply and variety and at attractive prices.

These include products such as hamburgers, pork, chicken, etc… Basically, the sausage can be replaced by any other dish. Buyers would have no problems switching to substitutes since there is a great variety to choose from, available at all quality and price levels, and able to satisfy most if not all tastes.

4. The power of suppliers

Meat is available from many suppliers capable to fill the order. With a number of suppliers to choose from, the buyers have a bargaining advantage over the suppliers. But the fact that there are no good substitutes for the meat needed to manufacture the sausage, especially if there is a seek for quality, places the buyer in a situation where he is limited to a single type of supplier in the industry. Although there are many ingredients needed, meat is the primary ingredient and therefore it dominates the industry. This will result in a lower bargaining advantage for the buyers and therefore a higher power of suppliers.

An outside supplier provides a cost advantage over vertical integration. Indeed, it would be far too costly for sausage manufacturers to house, feed, slaughter, and prepare its own livestock. This increases suppliers’ leverage.

It is strategically important to have a working relationship with your supplier to ensure “just in time” delivery of the product. This is directly related to the quality of the manufactured product being distributed. It also reduces the need for storage and related cost of housing the product. The companies with the best working relationship with their suppliers have a higher strategic value. The more reliable and prompt delivery of the desired amount at the best price and quality, will add to the overall quality of the manufactured product all the while being the most time and cost effective.

5. The power of buyers

Since there is competition and since there are many substitute products, the bargaining power of the buyers is strong.

Should economic times worsen, purchases will sag because the product is not a necessity.

THE DRIVING FORCES

• As we previously said, the long-term industry growth rate is still increasing.

• There was an incredible economic impact on the Mid-South. The growth of the casinos in Tunica, Mississippi caused significant changes in the local and surrounding economy by expanding the tourism industry. Due to the changes in the economy the amount of meals purchased at commercial restaurants per person were at an all time high in 16.

• Giuseppe’s witnessed two major changes in societal values and lifestyles. The first one was the explosion of interest in ethnic specialty foods (especially Italian food that is consumed by 84% of the surveyed customers). That was a great opportunity for Giuseppe’s to come up with new surprising sausages tastes (Mild Italian, Hot Turkey Italian, Andouille, Cajun Style, etc…). Product innovation is necessary to survive in the specialty sausage industry. Creating a wide differentiation of the product among rivals broadens the industry customer base. The second one was the changing role of the sausage in the Memphis area. The notion that sausages were cooked only for breakfast was being replaced with the idea that sausage represented an attractive alternative dinner meat. Basically, those two changes implied greater consumption of specialty sausages.

• Companies that elected to enter the low-fat segment of the sausage market had created a shift in the marketing techniques. Towards the customer’s growing health and nutrition concerns, Giuseppe’s was in a good position since some of it sausage varieties ranged only 7grams of fat per pound (most sausages range between 15 to 5 grams). Marketing to new customers changes the size and shape of the industry. This changes the competitive structure of the industry by forcing the competitors to revise their marketing strategies.

• The entry of major firms would not significantly alter the competitive structure of the industry because of the large sizes of many current participants and the fact that the industry is in a growth cycle.

The exit of major firms would increase competition among rivals for the exiting firm’s customers, causing the competitive structure of the industry to change.

• Growing buyer preferences for differentiated products changes the competitive structure of the industry. Because it is a specialty industry, purchases are based on differentiation, not on price. With growing preferences for differentiated products the market will grow, changing market share and revenues among the participants.

• The increasing globalization is a problem for the company since it is present only in a regional area. Many companies go global, creating increasing competition and market saturation in a once void area.

COMPETITIVE POSITION OF MAJOR COMPANIES-STRATEGIC MAP



1. Johnsonville

. Bryan

. Healthy Choice

4. Mr. Turkey

5. Jimmy Dean

6. King Cotton

7. John Morrill

8. Giuseppe’s

KEY SUCCESS FACTORS

Manufacturing related KSFs

• Manufacturing quality � companies in thee industry must be able to produce quality products based upon taste, fat content, and freshness.

• Manufacturing flexibility � companies need to be able to react quickly to changing demands in the industry.

Distribution related KSFs

• Network strength � companies need to have a strong business relationship with retailers, distributors and suppliers to help market and distribute the product, as well as to benefit from prompt delivery of raw materials.

• Ample space on retailer shelves � having ample space on supermarket and specialty shop display shelves makes the product known to customers.

Marketing related KSFs

• Breadth of product line and selection � to survive companies need to have a broad selection of sausages available to customers. In the specialty sausage industry, customers are looking for products that are different from the norm.

• Attractive styling/packaging � companies need to make their packaging stylish for the product to stand out and catch the eye of the customers. They also need to make sure they package the product properly to ensure freshness. Having instructions and nutrition facts on the package allows the customer to make a proper decision on whether or not to buy the product.

Organizational capability KSFs

• Ability to respond quickly to shifting market conditions � companies should have the ability to create new sausage products to match the changing customers needs.

Other KSFs

• Image and reputation � companies need to have a reputation with customers as producers of fresh and quality sausages.

Giuseppe’s position towards the KSFs is stressed out in the SWOT analysis.

INDUSTRY PROSPECTS AND OVERALL ATTRACTIVENESS

• Again, as we said before, the industry is in a growth phase.

• The driving forces will create a positive impact on profit potential

• The demand is neither dependable on the product nor really stable.

• The competitors are strong in regards of their size, geographic coverage, access to advertising, and prices, but might be weak on the quality and on the breadth of their product lines.

• A major uncertainty for this industry is when the growth cycle will end and the maturity stage will begin. Changing from a growth to a maturity stage would create intense rivalry among competitors in the industry and would cause many of the current competitors to drop out. Therefore, they will need to have some type of action plan ready to defend against diminished growth or a stable market demand.

. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SITUATION OF THE COMPANY

THE CURRENT STRATEGY

In order to evaluate how well the current strategy is working, we will use the three testing strategies

• The goodness to fit test � Giuseppe’s achieves to fulfill the current demand for great quality specialty sausages. They also defend themselves from threats with their special and unique recipes that are hard to replicate.

• The competitive advantage test � Giuseppe’s competitive advantages consist of the breadth of the product line with unique recipes and their local brand name that stands for quality.

• The Performance test � Giuseppe’s is not performing well financially. The company didn’t achieve its financial objectives. It lost money and still cannot keep its accounts consistently. It also failed to meet its key strategic objectives effectively. Poor implementation and lack of discipline are the primary reasons for failure.

Giuseppe’s inbound logistics strategy is not working very well presently. The company has yet to find a way to effectively use “just in time” inventory.

Giuseppe’s operations strategy is not effectively in place because they have been unable to produce to the capacity the sausage making machines.

Giuseppe’s outbound logistics strategy is working effectively for their direct mail customers. This is due to the ease of using UPS and FedEx. Contracting food retail and service brokers would permit the company to fully implement its outbound logistics strategy. Currently this is not the case.

Giuseppe’s currently doesn’t have a marketing or advertising strategy. This lack of a competent marketing plan is a definite weakness.

Giuseppe’s current strategy does not protect the company against external threats and internal weaknesses.

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS

• High product quality

• A wide breadth of the product line

• Product innovation skills

• A good reputation

• Flexible production capabilities

• Product freshness

• Keeping its work facilities and sausage-making areas above the required standards stipulated by the USDA and local health department regulations

WEAKNESSES

• No clear strategic direction

• Lack of managerial depth and talent

• Poor overall financial position

• Poor overall promotional strategy

• Weak distribution network

• Unable to handle credit card sales to individuals

• Small plant capacity

OPPORTUNITIES

• Increase the market share and grow revenues while the industry is in a growth cycle

• Ability to serve additional customer groups by developing new products. Indeed, as we said above, Giuseppes could develop a low-fat sausage variety in order to capture a new customer group consumers that have health and dietary concerns.

• Increase its market share by joining the e-business

• Due to the changing view of sausages as no longer just being served for breakfast, this creates an opportunity because the changing role of sausages in the Memphis area presents growth for all sausage manufacturers

• In 17 the most meals were consumed per person a year at restaurants than previous years and there are a high number of Italian restaurants in the Memphis area that are potential customers of Giuseppe’s

• Expand into gourmet and specialty shops

• Become the first mover in the e-commerce segment of the market (that would also permit to acquire wider brand recognition)

THREATS

• Competitors’ relative size and coverage

• Competitors’ accessibility to hard advertising

• Rigid distribution channels that have to be used

• New entrants to the specialty sausage industry

• Patents are not available on food products

THE PRICE STRUCTURE

Since we don’t have the data to be able to develop a concrete value chain, we will use the non-numerical data available in order to assess the price structure of the company and compare it to its rivals.

• Inbound logistics � Giuseppe’s is not taking advantage of the economies of scale by buying the raw materials in bulk. This is a huge cost disadvantage that the rivals take advantage of.

• Operations � Giuseppe’s has a similar operation workflow to the rest of the industry. Only there is the fact that Giuseppe’s doesn’t operate the machines at full capacity. This is a disadvantage compared to the competitors.

• Outbound logistics � Giuseppe’s ship their packages via UPS and FedEx. Currently they don’t use the broker/distributor channel, which reduces their costs, but also their revenues and competitiveness.

• Marketing � Giuseppe’s principally use word of mouth to market their brand. This does not require any cost. The competitors spend a lot of money on advertising. They also benefit from the brokers abilities to market their products.

• Research and Development � Giuseppe’s are not having any R&D expenses contrary to their competitors.

• Profit margin � Giuseppe’s has no profit margin, while its competitors do.

Giuseppe’s costs are higher than many of its rivals. One of the main reasons for this is the inability to take part of the economies of scale, due to low volume of sale and commitment to high quality standards.

THE STRENGTH OF THE COMPETITIVE POSITION �

THE WEIGHTED COMPETITIVE STRENGHT ASSESSMENT

Key success

Factor weight Giuseppes Jimmy Dean Johnsonville Bryan

rating weighted score rating weighted score rating weighted score rating weighted score

Manufacturing

Quality 0.5 10 .5 10 .5 8 .6 8 .6



Manufacturing

flexibility 0.5 10 .5 0.675 0.45 6 1.5



Network

Strength 0.15 0.45 10 1.5 8 1. 8 1.



Ample space

on retailers

shelves 0.05 0.05 0.5 7 0.175 7 0.175





Attractive

packaging 0.05 8 0.4 8 0.4 8 0.4 8 0.4



Breadth of

product line

and selection 0.5 10 .5 0.675 0.675 6 1.5





Weighted overall

Strength

Rating 1.00 8.65 6.75 5.5 7.075





Giuseppe’s has the ability to be a competitive force in the Memphis specialty sausage industry due to the quality of their product, the breadth of their product line and their manufacturing flexibility.

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

According to the Income Statement and Balance Sheet, we notice that Giuseppe’s is performing poorly. Why? The company has high cost of production and huge expenses. They lost money and market share the last two years. They also do not perform well in boosting their competitive market share and they can not keep accounts consistently. The lack of financial management has affected the company ability to earn profit. Guiseppe’s financial goals is to stay in a market with high growth stage abd still produce a high quality brands. Also lack of technology and efficient software to keep track of records affected the company, resulted in missing invoices and poor profit.

Even if lack of financial management affected the company; Giuseppe’s revenue growth has grown every year. Giuseppe’s Original Sausage Company had sales in 17 of $ 57,65. The dinner sausage industry in Memphis was $1.5 market millions as of 17. The market share of the company in Memphis was 47.55%. What also hurt Giuseppe’s Profit margins is the competitive copying and interband price comparisons served to limit the premium that could be realized on a consistent basis.



14 = Sales of $ 6,11

15 = Sales of $ 164,17 ( + 15%)

16 = Sales of $ 1,0 ( + 1%)

17 = Sales of $ 57,44 ( + %)

The reasons of this growth is that small companies such as Giuseppe could offer a wider variety of specialty dinner sausage in smaller volumes whereas large companies such as Bryan, or Jimmy Dean tended to concentrate on fewer var

FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS

LiquidityRatio

Years

CURRENT RATIO

14 15 16 17



1.4556



1.7017



1.1604



.5845

QUICK RATIO



1.047704



1.1861



0.617



1.77011

Profitability Ratio

OPERATING PROFIT MARGIN



-0.46567



0.010717



-0.045



0.0418

NET PROFIT MARGIN



-0.5



-0.0111



-0.0551



-0.00068

RETURN ON ASSETS



-1.0074



-0.0858



-0.1561



-0.007

RETURN ON EQUITY



-1.68547



-0.0518



-0.474



-0.00578

Market Value

Earnings per share -610 -018 -11654 -176

RECOMMENDATIONS

• Close few product lines

- Close the product line of items with sales below $100

- Close the product line of nonsausage items (Potato Salad and Kraut)

- Close few of the sausage varieties that have high ingredient cost, but do not generate

a lot of sales like the Seafood Boudin, Duck, and Crawfish Boudin.

All the recommendations above would permit Giuseppe’s to concentrate on the items that produce higher sales. The save of production costs would increase the profits; or it can be invested in professional services and advertising.

• Produce low-fat sausages (between 1.5 and 5 grams)

Closing the few items cited above would permit Giuseppe’s to produce low-fat sausages. By staying within the 1.5 to 5 grams of fat, Giuseppe’s helps supermarkets target their health conscious customers and works on expanding its customers’ range.

• Provide the employees adequate training

While a computer and a basic business software had been purchased, neither Cotrone nor his staff had been able to invest the necessary time to set up and operate the computer system to its potential contribution. The CEO has to supply his employees with the adequate training to operate the software package so that the business and finance can be monitored and followed day-in-day-out. An adequate use of the software would show Giuseppe’s strengths and weakness as well as his progress. It would achieve a more efficient accounting system. Keeping records, would help Giuseppe’s to control his operating costs and bring them down.

• Hire a food broker

The majority of food-service operators in Memphis purchase their products primarily from Alliant or Sysco, which control over 80% of the Memphis food-service market. Sysco indicated it would consider a new specialty product, especially on a regional basis, only if it was offered by a broker. Giuseppe’s provides a wide variety of products that meets the needs of the brokers’ customers. Another advantage is that, due to their expertise, brokers are a valuable source of marketing information and marketing ideas that are not easily accessible to small manufacturers. Hiring a food broker can help Giuseppe’s expand sales volume and regional brand recognition.

• Handle credit card sales

Giuseppe’s supplies fresh quality sausages to customers in a convenient way by allowing mail order customers to purchase anything within its product line, but it doesn’t have the ability to handle credit card sales to those customers. Having the ability to handle credit card sales might induce customers to buy more of its products. It can also induce customers used to pay in plastic to buy Giuseppe’s products.

• Create a customer service department

Although Giuseppe’s does try to maintain high customer satisfaction, at the present time it does not have a customer service representative. With only three employees, it will take some time before it does. By creating a customer service department, Giuseppe’s would create long-term relations with major customers and also with the “butterfly” customers. It would also work on creating a favorable image and reputation.

• Expand into gourmet and specialty shops

Giuseppe’s needs to add its product line to the gourmet and specialty stores in the Memphis area to gain a name recognition and reputation as a gourmet specialty sausage, giving it further differentiation from other sausages.

• Expand into the e-commerce

The technological changes of the last decades that converted the Internet into an every-day tool might make a change for Giuseppe’s. The company could try to expand itself on the web. Advancing technology in e-commerce allows for easy direct sales through the internet. Developing a web page is rather cheap and easy. The company already uses FedEx and UPS services to deliver its sausages to its customers. Operating on the web would help the company increasing its customer’s base and creating brand recognition. It could include a customer service, which would work on creating long-term relations with customers. Currently, there are no such companies using e-commerce, therefore Giuseppe’s would benefit from the “first mover advantage”.



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Im sorry but this is my first essay

Italy is one of the countries most frequently selected when teaching Regional Geography. Italy can be used in many answers e.g. tourism, influence of climate on the economy, core and periphery, government policy re industrial location. In St.Brendans we also use Italy as an exemplar of a country that has distinctive regions that can be geographically justified.

The three regions that Italy can be subdivided into are

Alpine Italy




The justification of these three regions of Italy is considered under the following

Climate

Relief and Soils

Industrial development

ALPINE ITALY

Climate This part of Italy is extremely mountainous and the principal climatic influence, therefore, is altitude. Precipation is mainly snow especially in the higher altitudes. Above the snow line there are glaciers as there is little or no annual ablation. Aspect is also important as most of the Italian Alps would have a southerly aspect. Like all mountain climates there are micro climatic conditions in Alpine Italy. The valley of Lake Maggiore is a typical example, where the local climate is moderated by a combination of aspect, a sheltered glaciated valley and the influence of the lake.

Relief and Soils The Alps are young folded mountains that historically have isolated Italy from Central and Northern Europe.Obviously this is mostly an infertile region as slopes are steep and soil cover is thin and poor in quality. The cold environment has not been conducive for natural organic breakdown and the formation of humas, the natural mineral required for soil fertility. As a result forestry is an alternative land use. Agriculture is confined to the lower slopes to the south and the sheltered valleys such as those occupied by the glacial pater noster lakes i.e. Lakes Maggiore, Como and Garda.

Industrial Development Alpine Italy does not have the natural resources associated with the traditional urban industrial of Northern Europe e.g. coal and iron ore. Allied to this dearth of resources is the sparsity of population, difficult terrain for communications. As a result secondary industry is not developed in this regions as much as it is further south in the so-called industrial triangle of Milan-Turin-Genoa. However Alpine Italy has an important tertiary sector i.e. tourism, with its scenic beauty in summer and winter sports. Thus tourism is an all year industry. The tradition of forests and pastoral farming provide the region with the raw materials for craft and leather industries. The afore mentioned lakes act as reservoirs for the H.E.P. stations on the southely slopes.

THE PLAIN

Climate

The Lombardy Plain, in North Italy, is influenced by Mediterranean climate to the south, continental climate to the north of the Alps and of course the altitude of the Alps.This region is cooler than Peninsular Italy to the south, in winter, and it can be quite warm during the summer i.e. in the high 0s and low 0s. Rain can occur in any season, with a winter maximum. Total annual precipitation can be up to 1000mm. Precipitation amounts are higher towards the Alps and snow may fall in winter. However this region needs irrigation for productive arable farming as there is intense evaporation during the hot summer.

Relief and Soils

This region is Italys largest lowland region. It is an extension of the present day Adriatic Sea, which has been infilled with deposits over millions of years. These deposits were from glaciers and later fluvio-glacial deposits and are composed of varieties of sands and gravels. Later many areas in river floodplains were covered with fertile alluvial deposits, such as The Po Basin.There are some clay deposits as well and are associated with areas that specialise in dairy farming. Generally there is a variety of fertile soil types making this the wealthiest agricultural region of Italy.

As a country Italy was late to develop its industrial base. The North Italian Plain is the most urban industrialised region in Italy. In the west of the region, there is the industrial triangle of Milan, Turin and Genoa. The fertility of the region an resultant productive agriculture created a tradition of foodprocessing and agricultural engineering. The harnessing of H.E.P., frome the nearby fast flowing rivers in the Alps was a major advantage in the expansion of industry in Milan and Turin. Most raw materials have to be imported. Genoa is the leading port of Italy and facilitates imports and exports. Turin is famous for its motor car engineering factories and heavy and light industries associated with companies such as Fiat, Olvietti etc.

This region is in the south of Peninsular Italy i.e. from Naples southwards. The climate is typically Warm Temperate Western Margin or Mediterranean climate. Summers are hot with average temperatures in the high 0s and low 0s. Summers are also typified by a long drought with intense evaporation. Winters are mild to warm with average being about 17 degees celcius. Most rain fall in winter with amounts varying from about 00mm to 500mm. The lower amounts are experienced along the Adriatic coast because of the rain-shadow effect. The province of Apulia (heel of Italy!) is in the rain shadow and thus receives much less rain than Calabria (toe of Italy!)to the west.

This part of Italy is dominated by the southern extension of The Appenine mountains. The lowlands are limited to the east and west coasts. The west coast has more extensive lowland than the Adriatic coast. Soils are generally poor in quality with some exceptions such as the volcanic soils around the Naples-Vesuvius area. Considerable amonts of soil erosion has occured it the Appenines due to overgrazing and flasg floods. The drought conditions have also hindered soil development. The parent material rocks in the Appenines do not break down into fertile soils e.g. crystalline granites and limestones.

Industrial Development

This is a peripheral region in southern Europe. It is a long distance from the core of Italy and the core of Europe to the North. There is no tradition for industrialisation here, because the region has no natural resources such as coal or ores. There is a history of out migration to the north and abroad. Agriculture is poorly developed. Any progress re industrialising the south is the result of governmernt policy. As a result there is a modern day industrial triangle which includes Bari, Brindisi and Taranto. The development of these port location is the result of the Cassa. The Cassa was a fund established by the Italian government to improve the overall infrastructure of The Mezzogiorno. Grants etc. were offered to companies to decentralise their operations southwards from the north. This policy has had considerable success, but this region is still much more economically disadvantaged compared with the North..



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Naturelle Industriel

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I believe losing ones innocents through rape is one the most heinous crimes imaginable. Not even murder is as heinous of a crime as rape. Rape leaves one with the torturous memories of the violation while murder ends in a cold sleep. So when I read the two poems about rape, “I might have dreamed this” by Kristen Dierking and “Violet Violence (The Deflowering)” which author is unknown. I was looking for how the writers displayed the horrid effects of rape. Even though, these two poems have a lot common it is the subtle difference in the mood and rhythm makes Violet Violence a better poem.

The mood in, “I might have dreamed this” is represented as a surreal naturalistic dream like setting. Dierking compares many aspects in the way she feels to nature. For Example, words like energy, birds, night, and avalanches expresses the writer’s innocents, purity and anger. Even though, these words work well to justify her innocents they don’t work well to show her anger and humility. With lines like,” Energy birds swarmed from my brain” and “ I never slept. I did these things lying down.” are too timid to show anger and disbelief of rape. However, the line that worked well and brought us into her surreal dream world was, “ I set dolls rolling. Back and forth. Like a breathing sound.” In this line the mood was well set showing the doll, as her innocence while the breathing was the tugger war between the reality of rape and disbelief. I would have like see more lines like this.

For me, rhythm in poetry is very important part of the experience. Rhythm should drive the poem forward or jump one around to make one feel the meaning of the poem. Somehow Kristen Dierking misses this in her poem. The non-rhythmic nature of the poem was awkward. Maybe she was trying to show the awkwardness of being raped but somehow it didn’t work. Furthermore, the grouping of the text made it hard to keep any rhythm that might have existed. Sentence were sliced apart sitting alone on different lines. For instant

Using only my night-powered




eyes, I pushed the lamp

to the dressers edge.

I buried the mirrors

in avalanches of freshly

laundered underpants.

I believe grouping these sentences in this fashion did not have the effect the author indented, unless it was to aggravate the reader.

“Violet violence (the deflowering)” is a poem I found written on a napkin at a local coffee shop in Hollywood. I was so intrigued by it I had to keep it. This poem’s mood is very different from “I might have dreamed this”. Violet Violent replaces Kristen Dierking’s naturalistic serenity of innocents with the industrial ware and tare of innocents lost. Using words like rust, metallic, aluminum, wires and corrosion really gets the feeling of loathing that comes with rape. One of my favorite lines in the poem is, “there is a corrosion in my soul that holds a most terrible secret tainted innocence.” The imagery used here exploits the mood of this person who has been raped. The writer is letting the reader in on this terrible secret. Another great explicit line is “ aluminum touches of lust the sharp pain, the blood wires ripped.” This shows the coldness in which the rapist took the girls virginity. These lines are bold unlike the weak verses of “I might have dreamed this.” Furthermore, the author never states this is about rape but through reading the poem one discovers it is. The author is showing, making you feel the rape, not using the word rape in the poem like Dierking’s poem.

Unlike Dierking’s poem there is no question of a solid rhythm in Violet Violence. It chants like a roller coaster ride moving fast and then slow at times. The rhythm of this poem takes you away from the words allowing you to feel the poem and embrace it. This is what Archibald MacLeish was talking when he stated, “A poem should be wordless as the flight of birds” (0). This poem is easy to read because of the rhythm and makes Dierking’s poem seem inferior in contrast.

Through mood and rhythm I believe I have shown why I like Violet Violence more then “I might have dreamed this.” However, poems work differently for different people just because I didn’t like it doesn’t mean someone else won’t. That’s what makes poetry so wonderful and so frustrating to write. I also don’t believe “I might have dreamed this” is a horrid poem I was just exploiting some of the weaker parts of the poem. I like Violet Violence better because of how it makes me feel and that is what a poem is suppose to do.

Works Cited

Dierking, Kristen. I might have dreamed this. Holy Cow! Press. 001. Oct 0, 00.

http//www.poets.org/poems/poems.cfm?4544B7C000C04040D71

MacLeish, Archibald. “Ars Poetica”. Reading for Writers. Boston, MA

Thomson/Heinle. 004.

“Violet Violence (the deflowering)”

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Hamlet and the lion King

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Many situations in life can be similar to another. Many situations can also share differences. Movies and plays can also be alike in many ways, but different in others. This is apparent in the film The Lion King, and the play Hamlet. The Lion King and Hamlet share similarities, are different in some ways, and were made for two completely different reasons.

There are similarities between the film and the play. For one, many of the characters in the two are comparable. Hamlet and Simba are alike in the fact that they both lose their father, who was king. Scar and Claudius and similar, in the fact that they both kill their own brother to become king. The Ghost is like Mufasa. They were both killed, but came back to speak to their respective sons. Their are also plot similarities. In both the film and the play, the king is murdered by their brother, and the brother takes over the thrown. The new king wants the prince to be dead in both. The son of the first king manages to get revenge on their uncles in both the film and the play, too.

Not everything is alike in The Lion King and Hamlet, as there were some differences. One obvious difference is that The Lion King stars lions, and Hamlet stars actual humans. Also, the whole film seems to be more happier and alive than the play does. Many situations in life can be similar to another. Many situations can also share differences. Movies and plays can also be alike in many ways, but different in others. This is apparent in the film The Lion King, and the play Hamlet. The Lion King and Hamlet share similarities, are different in some ways, and were made for two completely different reasons.

There are similarities between the film and the play. For one, many of the characters in the two are comparable. Hamlet and Simba are alike in the fact that they both lose their father, who was king. Scar and Claudius and similar, in the fact that they both kill their own brother to become king. The Ghost is like Mufasa. They were both killed, but came back to speak to their respective sons. Their are also plot similarities. In both the film and the play, the king is murdered by their brother, and the brother takes over the thrown. The new king wants the prince to be dead in both. The son of the first king manages to get revenge on their uncles in both the film and the play, too.




Not everything is alike in The Lion King and Hamlet, as there were some differences. One obvious difference is that The Lion King stars lions, and Hamlet stars actual humans. Also, the whole film seems to be more happier and alive than the play does.



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english topics

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Hobbies

Hobbies differ like tastes. If you have chosen a hobby according to your character and taste you are lusky because your life becomes more interesting. Hobbies are divided into four large classes doing things, making things, collecting things and learning things.

The most popular of all hobby groups is doing things. It includes a wide variety of activites, eveerything from gardening to travelling and from chess to volleyball. Gardening is one of the oldest of man’s hobbies. It’s a well-known fact that the English are very fond of gardening and growing flowers, especially roses. Both grown-ups and children are fond of playing different computer games. This is a new hobby but it’s becoming more and more popular.

Making things includes drawing, painting, designing. Two of the most famous hobby painters were President Eisenhower and Sir Winston Churchill. Almost everyone collects something at some period in his life stamps, coins, books, records, postcards. Some collections become so large that they are housed in museums and galleries.




Snowboarding is also a way of life, with its own equipment, style, music, clothing and even language.

Youth problems

All people nowadays have problems and young people are not an exception. Perhaps they have even more. First of all teenagers want to show they’re different so they react not only against their parents, but against their older brothers and sisters too. This kind of situation is unfortunately quite common.

Young people are in some way lost. We live in difficult times and sometimes they have a rather negative view of life. They keep trying to find ways to enjoy themselves. Although everybody know drugs are dangerous there are many teenagers who have become addicted to them. Some young people take drugs because they help them feel good, some because they lonely or they want to escape from their problems. In my opininion, the goverment should take effective action to solve this problems.

Another important problem is to get a good education. It is not easy to make the right choice. Education is a tool of making our life more successful and perhaps happier. Everything we know comes through a process of education.

GB

The UK of GB and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles Consist of two large island, GB and Irland. Their total area is over 44 000 square kilometres.

The UK is made up of four countries England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are Lomdon, Cardiff, Edinburg, and Belfast. Shakespeare called Britan a “precious stone set in the silver sea” because of its natural beauty. It has a varied countryside where you can find mountains, plains, valleys, and sandy beaches. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain but it is only 14 metres high.

There are a lot of rivers in GB, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one. The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mind the whole year round.

The UK is a constitution monarchy. In law, the Head of State is the Queen. In practice, the Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head.



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Creative Reagind in Othello

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The great play writer, William Shakespeare, said, “Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more.” Could it be that life is just one big play and people are merely characters in this prescribe script? Drama is certain a comparison to life. The drama genre brings life and action to words on a page. There is no other literary work that brings such parallels to reality. A drama is created though a story told in action by actors who impersonate the characters.

Aristotle called drama an imitated human action. How does one become a creative reader in order to fulfill the requirements of a drama? The reader must use his or her imagination. One must go beyond the contextual meaning of the words on the paper in order gain the greater understanding of the text. This essay will discuss the elements that make the reader use his or her creative mind while reading Othello.

Shakespeares Othello epitomizes the playwrights masterful ability to weave his characters intricate motives and acts into one smooth plot. Of all his villains, Iago seems to be the most complete and sadistic, with no greater motive than wounded pride for his wickedness. The actions of Iago are much like those of a real person who wants something really bad and willing to do anything to get it.

The creative reader formulates the question, “Is Othello an honorable, tragic hero who is ennobled by the unsuspecting confidence he places in his advisor, Iago? Or is he nothing more than a vulnerable, murderous and tragic fool?” Othello himself recognizes this extraordinary paradox when, at the end of the play, he describes himself as an honorable murderer; as one that loved not wisely but too well. In contrast, the reader experiences the authentic bond of love between two faithful women. And ultimately, love triumphs - even if only in death over pride, envy, hate and evil.




Shakespeare uses the element of characterization to develop more realism in his play. A creative reader is able to visualize each of Shakespeare’s characters, and develop their personalities. The character is the key element that brings a play to life. Characters evoke a variety of emotions and feelings.

Shakespeare also uses the literary devices of imagery, symbolism, and antithesis to further develop the character of Othello during this strenuous time in his life. Othello, who seems to intrinsically believe that as a public figure he is fated to be unsuccessful at marriage, is torn between his love for Desdemona and the possibility that she is having an affair with Michael Cassio.

In daily life people find themselves torn between decisions. They often experience internal conflict while trying to come to a resolution. A creative reader will find that the characters in Othello closely parallel the personalities that are found in society.

In conclusion, in order to become a more creative reader, one must look beyond the words on a page. One must begin to feel and the live the story. A drama is a part of life, and in order to enjoy it the reader must read in depth and become a part of the story.



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Analysis of "My Girl"

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The Poem My Girl is a story, or lyrical poem, told from the point of view of an outside speaker. The poem talks about the love a guy has for his girl. We assume the speaker is a boy and the girl he is referring to is his girlfriend.

In the first stanza, the speaker uses two metaphors. I got sunshine on a cloudy day. and when its cold outside, I got the month of May. In these metaphors, sunshine and may symbolize being happy an/or happiness, together with cold and cloudy representing all other things being sad. Therefore, the metaphors are comparing happiness to sadness, with the speakers girlfriend symbolizing happiness and everything else represents sadness.

The second stanza is the refrain utilized throughout the poem. The speaker puts a lot of emphasis on my girl signifying that he puts a lot of emphasis in his life on his girl, thus meaning that she is important to him.

In the third and fifth stanzas, the speaker expresses that he doesnt need the material things that other people consider necessary for a happy life, because the only thing he needs to be happy is his girlfriend. We know this because the poem says, I dont need no money, fortune, or fame. I got all the riches baby, one man can claim. This means that he doesnt need any of what everyone else considers riches because the most important thing is his life is his girl. We also see that he has more happiness and riches than everyone else because he says I got so much honey, the bees envy me. Bees have a lot of honey, in which case, for the bees to envy the speaker, he would have to have more than them. We also see the same metaphor used in the lines I got a sweeter song, than the birds in the trees, with the “song” symbolizing his girl and how he has more than the birds, who are notorious for having notably sweet songs.




In this poem, the speaker repeatedly accentuates his love for his girl and how she is the only thing he needs in life.



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Experiential essay in hotel

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Our marketing essays and dissertation writers have many areas of expertise including Advanced Marketing, Perspectives on Retail Management, Business to Business Marketing, Management of Sales Operations, International Marketing and Advances in Buyer Behaviour. As well as this our writers have written marketing essays on topics such as the Marketing of Services, Advertising Research, Direct Marketing, Managing Customer Relationships, Marketing for Small Businesses, Issues and Trends in Marketing Management, International Business Management, Social Marketing, Advances in Marketing Communications and Export Marketing. Some recent dissertation topics that have been written by our research team include, Marketing of Financial Services, Internet Marketing, Advertising Management, Direct Marketing, e-Marketing and Retail Management. If you dont see the exact topic that you would like your marketing essays or dissertation writing on here - no problem simply give us a call to discuss your requirements.

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Frankenstein

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Victor Frankenstein relationship with his sister Elizabeth

Victor Frankenstein had a normal life as a child growing up in a town called Geneva, with his adopted sister Elizabeth Lavenza and his brothers. Victor love all his family but by his actions in the story it seems as if he love his sister Elizabeth the most. Victor says in the story that Elizabeth completes him, although they are both of dispositions. He is morVictor Frankenstein relationship with his sister Elizabeth

Victor Frankenstein had a normal life as a child growing up in a town called Geneva, with his adopted sister Elizabeth Lavenza and his brothers. Victor love all his family but by his actions in the story it seems as if he love his sister Elizabeth the most. Victor says in the story that Elizabeth completes him, although they are both of dispositions. He is more enthusiastic of the two, she is very calm. Knowledge of any kind excites him; she concentrates mainly on nature and literature

Elizabeth falls ill of scarlet fever and Victor refers to this as the worst time in his life, their mother later dies of the same illness wishing that Victor and Elizabeth would get married. This is one of the many signs in the book that they had a strange relationship as brother and sister. Victor and Elizabeth later do get married and the monster says he is going to her kill her.




So to me Victor and Elizabeth had a weird relationship to be brother and sister.

Victor Frankenstein had a normal life as a child growing up in a town called Geneva, with his adopted sister Elizabeth Lavenza and his brothers. Victor love all his family but by his actions in the story it seems as if he love his sister Elizabeth the most. Victor says in the story that Elizabeth completes him, although they are both of dispositions. He is more enthusiastic of the two, she is very calm. Knowledge of any kind excites him; she concentrates mainly on nature and literature

Elizabeth falls ill of scarlet fever and Victor refers to this as the worst time in his life, their mother later dies of the same illness wishing that Victor and Elizabeth would get married. This is one of the many signs in the book that they





e enthusiastic of the two, she is very calm. Knowledge of any kind excites him; she concentrates mainly on nature and literature

Elizabeth falls ill of scarlet fever and Victor refers to this as the worst time in his life, their mother later dies of the same illness wishing that Victor and Elizabeth would get married. This is one of the many signs in the book that they had a strange relationship as brother and sister. Victor and Elizabeth later do get married and the monster says he is going to her kill her.

So to me Victor and Elizabeth had a weird relationship to be brother and sister.







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Perhaps at certain age A Good Man is Hard to Find, by Flannery O'Connor

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Perhaps at certain age A Good Man is Hard to Find, by Flannery O'Connor even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Perhaps at certain age A Good Man is Hard to Find, by Flannery O'Connor in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

The central character of this story reminds me my grandmother. Both of them are from another time where the customs were different from the ones in the present. They grew up giving attention, observance, and honor to their adults. Why this respect has faded away along the years? Why the elderly have to put up with this kind of behavior, sometimes from thir love ones?

Like the characters son, he has to put up with her, maybe because she is his mother. Maybe he could not afford to send her to a retirement house. Many families ca not afford this expense, and they rather keep them along and bear with their constant and endless lectures and sometimes impertinenece.

Furthermore, the childrens insolences and petulance towards the oldtimes are at the beginning funny and ocurring, but it eventually becomes in a lost of respect. Sometimes the parents are powerless to reprimand them, maybe because they also feel like the children.

The saying goes Old dog cant learn new tricks, but I bet, we, as a young-ones are able lo learn some tricks towards our grandparents. The first trick would be showing some attention. Everybody needs attention and they are like little kids. But instead of crying, they lecture and growl us.




Another trick would be to show them some respect. Their gray hair is not there because of their advance age, but because of their advance experience that they have accumulated during the years. We do not know the struggle they have had along the years and is imperative for us to show them some love.

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definition of a villain

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Throughout time there has always been good and evil, a hero and a villain, however, the meaning of the word villain is often used without knowing the word’s true meaning. Villains come in all shapes and sizes but all of them have several common but distinct characteristics that define them as villains. There actually are several types of villains. There is the stereotypical and comic book type villain and the normal every day villain. All villains are cruel to innocents, strive to make others fail, and most of all are involved in some morally wrongdoing.

Everyone has a different opinion about what they consider evil, but there are some things that are evil no matter how they are looked at. Wanting to conquer the world for example may be a comical idea, but the taking away of people’s freedoms and making them all bow down before you and praise you as their leader is evil no matter who looks at it or from what perspective they look from. On the less comical side, the killing of innocents is morally wrong, an example is Jack the Ripper, there is no possible way his relentless killing of innocent people could be consider a good thing unless by a very mentally disturbed and sick person.

Actions aren’t the only thing that could make a person be considered a villain. Their personality could be just as evil as what they do. In order for a person to be a villain they have to be mean, selfish, destructive, evil or any combination of those along with their actions. Not everyone who is mean is a villain and not everyone who kills someone is a villain. If it the basis for their entire life style then that constitutes them as an evil villain not if it is just a one time thing. A big characteristic that villains also have is a hero fighting against them, someone who believes their ideas are wrong because if no one thought the �evil” person was doing wrong, then it wouldn’t be wrong.

The more comic book stereotypical villains such as Snidely Whiplash from Dudley Doright have features that people associate with villains like his fancy handle bar mustache, but not every villain has a big silly looking mustache and not every person with a big silly looking mustache is a villain. Other examples of possible incorrect stereotypes include the cat on the lap, dark personality, evil laughs, etc. Perhaps the most commonly mistaken villain characteristic is killing, just because a person kills another person doesn’t mean they are evil. They could be the hero killing the villain, therefore, someone was killed but it was for a good cause.




People should not be judged by their looks or by their actions. Good people can make bad decisions but that does not make them villains. So do not use looks or actions as a means of seeing someone’s true self and do not be fooled by the deceitful.



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Áfter the first death

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Book Notes Title After The First Death Author Robert Cormier Date Started 0/06/00 Date Ended 0/06/00 The Characters a) Main Characters Miro Miro is a teen-age terrorist that came from another country know, in the story, as their “Homeland”. Even Miro himself is uncertain of his age because during the training (Or as they call it, school) age is not important. Te training is preparing them for terrorism. Miro is feeling less and has learned not to give in to the call of nature. For example Things such as hunger, Restroom needs and most important sleep and tiredness. In the story Miro is a doubtful teen looking for action. Artkin Artkin is a very dark and dangerous man. He rescued Miro and his brother from the refugee camps and took them to the school. Artkin is very educated in the sense of terrorism. He taught Miro everything he knows and is the leader of that specific team of “Freedom Fighters”. His age and Identity is also unknown Kate Kate is the victim of the hijacking of the bus. She thinks that all of the terrorists are monsters and dont deserve to live. Kate has red hair and has freckles. She also has a very weak bladder and often urinates uncontrollably. Miro thinks that most American boys would find her to be attractive. Ben Be is the son of one of the head generals that are apart of the operation on stopping these terrorists. Later in the story Ben is the one who is chosen to deliver a message to the terrorist and doing so he barely escapes death. Because of that Ben and his father havent spoken for months and maybe even years. Also because Ben told all the information to the terrorists he could no longer live with himself so he committed suicide. There was no real description of Ben because the story was told from his point of view. Mark Mark is bens father who feels guilty for forcing Ben to deliver a message to the terrorists and as a result Ben kills him self. At the end Ben and his father has a very deep conversation but of course it is in Marks imagination. Mark is a General for a top-secret military force. He is part of a group know as Fort Delta. He has a very secret life that he can not share with his family. b) Other characters Antibee Antibee is a very strong and buff man. He is the watchful eye for the group. He is very skillful at his work. Later he gets shot be one of the snipers in the woods. Stroll Stroll is the best driver in the country. He is African American and he is very quiet rarely speaks but when he dose it is very important. Most of the tome he uses gestures instead of words. Sedeete Sedeete is the leader of the Freedom Fighters. He is even greater than Artkin. Later he is captured and that was the downfall of the operation. Raymond Raymond is a little boy who is on the bus. He is the only child who truly knows what is going on because he is awake while all the other kids are asleep. And he also refuses to eat any of the drugged candy and as a result he his killed by Artkin. Setting In my story there are two settings one is in a dormitory of castle high and the other is the bridge where the hijackers take the bus. Castle High is the high school where the kids of people that are involved with Fort Delta go. It is a very heavily secured area. That is also the school that Ben’s father attended. Ben room is one of the biggest in the school because the fast that Ben’s dad is one of the Generals. My other setting is the bridge. The bridge is the place where the hijackers take the bus full of children. The bridge is fairly big. It is about 00 yards, or as Miro describes it, American football fields. The bridge has railroad tracks so there are gaps in between the bridge’s floor. There is also the bus which has taped up windows to unable the soldiers to see any one’s face. Plot The story starts off with Ben franticly typing on his type writer. He frequently stops and looks out the window waiting for his dad because this would be the first time they had seen each other or even spoken to each other since the “bridge”. While Ben is waiting the story moves into the terrorists point of view. The terrorists are standing in the corner waiting for the last child to be picked up by the bus. When the last child is picked up they will hijack the bus and take it to an abandoned bridge. But as they stop the bus they notice that the bus driver is not the usually man who hates kids. Instead it is the mans niece. Instantly their plan is disrupted but they decide to treat the girl the same way as they would to her uncle. Meanwhile Ben is still waiting for his father who has yet to show up. Ben promises him self that he won’t do anything stupid until he discusses it with his father. While Ben waits for his dad he is still frantically typing his journal and thoughts of the whole situation. Now the terrorist have hijacked the bus and gave the driver directions as to were she should go. The girl follows the orders as given but tries to find some way to escape. When they reached the bridge Artkin, the leader of the group, instructs Miro, A teen apart of the group, to give the kids drugged candy they had prepared before hand. Miro does as instructed by the leader and a while later the kids all fall asleep. Miro was suppose to kill the bus driver as soon as they reached the bridge but since the bus driver wasn’t the regular man who hated the kids Artkin told him to hold off. The reason her did that is because he thought the girl would be useful on tending the kids. Also she would make a good hostage. Miro was instructed to get close to the girl and gain her trust. As Miro talked to her he discovered that the girls name was Kate. Kate also had a few secrets of her own. She had a very weak bladder and she also had a spare key to the bus ignition so that once Miro took his periodic breaks and stood outside the bus she would try to drive the bus off the bridge and by doing so save both her and the children. While all of this was going on the police and the soldiers started to move into that are and the woods around the bridge. The woods were swamped with some of the best snipers fort delta had. And as soon as the Generals arrived they made their demands. There demands were “Number one, They are demanding the release of fifteen so-called political prisoners serving various sentences in this country. Two, they are asking for ten million dollars in cash. Three, they’re demanding the dismantling of what is know to some people as Inner Delta.” By dismantling they mean reviling the name of all the agents involved to the public. The people are given 4 hours to meet their demands are they will kill all the children. Also they said that for every crew member that is killed they will kill a child. Meanwhile Ben’s father arrives only to find an empty room with some typed sheets of paper left next to the typewriter. Mark (Ben’s father) immediately knows where Ben went and he prepares himself for any tragic news that will be delivered to him. While waiting for Ben to arrive he sits down n and reads the pieces of paper that are left next to the type writer. The paper said that he will no jump off the bridge until he discusses it with his dad so that gives him some hope. After the long 1st night Kate finds out that one child did not eat the candy. That childs name is Raymond. Raymond provides some help and hope to Kate but both soon run out when Raymond is killed because one of their men was shot and killed. That man was Antibee. After that occurs Kate decides to use the spare key and drive off the bridge. When she dose the engine dies out and she is stopped. Then Artkin and Stroll (the driver of the van) Receive the news that their leader Sedeete was captured. Artkin doesnt believe it so he asks for proof and wants on of the generals sons to deliver a rock that Sedeete had from their home land. The child chosen was Ben and was given false info without knowing it. When forced by Artkin to tell them everything he knows he tells them false info without knowing that it is not true. He tells tem that they are planning an attack at 0 AM tomorrow morning. When the attack finally comes it is at 80 am so stroll and Artkin were killed and Miro killed Kate ad escaped. After completing Ben’s Journals Mark find out that Ben jumped off the bridge because he couldnt live with the fact that he was given false info because he was expected to let down his country. The Conflict In the book I read the characters have a lot of conflicts to overcome. The characters that have conflicts in the story are Miro Miro is the one that has the most conflicts in the story and he overcomes most of them. Some conflicts that he has is when Artkin gives him a mission and he fails it or leaves it incomplete. For example Miro was told to keep an eye on the girl but the girl nearly escapes. Also he has to overcome the calls of nature, but fortunately he has trained his body to handle that kind of things. He also has to overcome the periods of time spent in the bus just waiting. Miro hates waiting he likes action. He also has to overcome the sexual feelings for Kate because he doesnt want to become involved with her because his mission is to kill her. Artkin Since Artkin is the leader of the group he really has no problems to deal with. There is only one problem he approaches and that is the negotiations with the generals. Ben Ben really only has one big problem. That is that he was expected to let his country down and that eventually lead him to his death. Kevin Kevin also has the problem of talking to Ben and thinking that he was responsible for him committing suicide. He never really overcomes that. Kate Kate has to overcome a lot in the story. She has to overcome the fact that she is eventually going to die. She also has to overcome her own far and tend the children. Also it took Kate a long time to dig up the courage to try to drive the bus off the bridge. The Theme The theme of my story is fairly simple. What Robert Cormier is trying to get across to the reader is that even thought the crime is planned well you’ll never get away with it. I think that this is very true. I also share that feeling. Rating On a scale from 1 to 10 this book gets an . The this book gets a ten is because this book was basically the master of suspense. This book kept me interested from the first word to the last page. However the reason this book gets a less than a perfect score is that the ending could have been better. On a scale form 1 to 10 the character get a also. My favorite character was Miro because I can relate to many of his feelings and thoughts of fear and failure. I don’t really have a least favorite character all the characters in this story were really good. Word Count 04






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Is it rational to be altuistic?

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Is it rational to be altruistic?

It is first important to define the term altruism. In his article ‘Egoism and Altruism’, B. Williams uses the word morality to also imply altruism and gives us a ‘minimal interpretation’ of it and refers to it as ‘ a general disposition to regard the interests of others’. He also introduces the ‘possibility of limiting one’s own projects’ as a further feature of altruism. What is meant to be rational? Williams defines it from what he calls a Kantian standpoint the structure of practical reason. Economists hold that all decisions that are made are rational. Blackburn writes about the ‘economic man’ in ‘Looking Out for Yourself’ as a paradigm of self-interested rationality rather than a moral paradigm. Rationality seems to be equated with a form of egoism a self-centred pursuit to fulfil your own interests. It does seem to be the argument that it is not rational to be altruistic, but just that it is more morally correct for a person to be of a more altruistic persuasion.

Williams states why it wouldn’t be rational for one to be egoistic, but not why it would be rational for one to be altruistic. In ‘The Amoralist’ he does not think that it is possible to argue someone into caring about something; only would this be possible if morality ‘can be got off the ground rationally’, but I don’t see how he does that in either of his articles. Williams does not see this as defeat for reason or rationality, but instead, a defeat for humanity. Sidgwick, quoted in Mackie (in ‘Sidgwick’s Pessimism’) states a similar point, that a person who takes his own happiness or pleasure as the ultimate end ‘there seems no opening for any line of reasoning to lead him to Universalistic Hedonism’ or concern for the happiness or welfare of others than himself. Williams take a rather extreme viewpoint throughout the entire essay ‘Egoism and Altruism’, and seems on intent proving that egoism is not morally right. He does this by presenting arguments that may change a person from an egoistic standpoint to more altruistic grounds. However Williams does little to show that is it rational to be altruistic; he instead states the need for an internal and external justification of altruism � does this equate to rationality? He argues that if it is possible to show that altruism is necessary for society, and society for human life, then this externally provides justification or altruism. The internal justification is the personal satisfaction that would result from behaving altruistically. Williams doesn’t provide explicit arguments for why we should be altruistic, and certainly not why it would be rational to be altruistic. He seems to imply in his conclusion that whilst it may not be possible to find rationalistic grounds for being altruistic, it is nevertheless right. He disagrees with Kant that it is possible to elicit altruism from certain structural conditions on rational practical thought. Williams favours the Humean claim that it is not such conditions, but rather a certain desire or sentiment from a person that constitutes the vital step in the direction of altruism.




Williams states that it is not possible by a ‘purely rational process’ to change the egoist from having ‘I-desires’ to a more altruistic standpoint that he favours and having ‘non-I desires’. He does say it would be irrational for one to be egoistic if they claimed that it was all right for them but not all right for others to behave in the same fashion. Williams uses the loaded word ‘desire’ on many occasions without providing a clear definition of what he means by it. It also seems to me as though what is left wanting is the need for a distinction between the term ‘desire’ and ‘need’. People do not only desire and want things; there are certain things that could be argued that are a necessity for the individual. Can these needs, such as hunger and a need for warmth be thought of in terms of ‘I desire’ and ‘non-I desire’? Perhaps not everything can be divided into two distinct categories between what you desire for yourself and what you desire for others. Williams does not make absolutely clear what he means by the terms ‘non-I desires’ and ‘I-desires’. Is he implying that these are two completely separate states of being? I think that the distinction between the two is not that clear and certain. It is possible to have desires that take into account the well being of yourself and others at the same time. In ordinary life, do people actually think in terms of self and others all the time? I think not. Decision-making in day-to-day life is not as rational as this and there are many factors affecting a decision, so perhaps it is not appropriate to think of altruism and morality in general in terms of solely being other or self-directed action. Williams recognises this and states that all he wishes to claim is that both sorts of desires are possible and to challenge the notion that all human action is ultimately only self directed. Related to the problem of desire above, Blackburn makes an interesting point, that sometimes we act not so much in ways that we want to act, but in ways we feel we should act. Are we still fulfilling a desire to please others? Also, that the satisfaction of certain desires may be the release of tension rather than the onset of pleasure. Blackburn writes about our concerns, things that matter to us; that enter our reasoning and that we care about. So, there are things, other than our desires that motivate us.

Perhaps on an individual level it is not rational, nor is it possible to be rational and altruistic. I do not think that this prevents people from performing altruistic acts. Sometimes we may do things that are not in our interest, but we desire to do them, e.g. get even with someone � take revenge. Is this egoism? Is the fact that we desire to do something enough to make it an act of egoism? Taking revenge may not be in our self interest, in fact it may be harmful to our interests, so what can be considered as the rational, self-interested motivation behind such an action? This provides a further argument against the notion that human action is rational. A person wanting to help save the rainforest does not immediately seem to be acting on egoistic impulses. But on reflection, if it is considered to be his ‘desire’ to help save the rainforest, and he does do something positive to protect the rainforest, can he be said to have fulfilled a desire that was ultimately an ‘I desire’ and labelled an egoist? If we argue from these grounds, then every action can be reduced to an ‘I-desire’ and a need to do something for yourself. Broad classifies desires which have this kind of underlying cause as other-regarding but self-referential, that is, the doctrine that ‘each of us has specially strong obligations to benefit certain persons and groups of people who stand in special relations to himself’. The reason for desiring something is that is bears some relationship to myself. Whenever we do something, it results from the self in some form; otherwise we would not have the motivation to carry out the act, and self-referential altruism forms, and had always formed, says Mackie, a large part of common sense morality. As Blackburn says, our actions reveal what most concerns us, at that time. Blackburn notes an important distinction that Butler makes between the a) object of my particular desire (e.g. for food or for happiness of my neighbour) and b) the pleasure that will arise upon the satisfaction of this desire. Butler doesn’t think this alone is enough to say that the ‘principle’ of my action is ultimately self-love. Perhaps it is a question of the degree of the egoistic and altruistic elements present in a person’s character and subsequently, the degree of altruism or egoism present in their actions. But how could this possibly be quantified and measure?

In conclusion, I think that it is not rational to be altruistic on an individual level. This is because I don’t think we (on the whole) act or think rationally in our daily lives. I do believe that it is possible to behave altruistically, when altruism is defined as thinking about the interests of others. The welfare of those connected to us through ties of family or friendship is important to most people and I do think that we consciously make decisions and relate the outcomes of every action back to our own interests. However, I think it can be considered a possibility that we may, or can, be rationally altruistic on a societal level. Certain people, such as governments certainly aim to show that they attempt to behave altruistically � but whether they actually do or not is questionable. In our society, individuation and competition are encouraged. People are also seen to have a duty and responsibility for the care of others. I don’t think that these two ideas have to be opposing or mutually exclusive. To have concern for the welfare or yourself and others seems to me to be inherent in human behaviour.





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