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First law of Geography… “ Everything is related to everything else, but ear things are more related than are distant things.”
Geography is often referred to as the ‘spatial science’. The wide variety of topics that are addressed by geographers, however, are united by similar questions and a common set of concepts. These questions and concepts are largely spatial in focus and are not unique to economic geography, but are common to the geographic discipline.
The word ‘spatial’ carries the idea of the way things are distributed, the way movement occurs, and the way processes operate at the earth’s surface (Getis et al, 000).
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The ‘first law of geography’, for example, suggests that everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than are distant things. It is these types of economic relationships that are of particular interest to economic geographers.
There are 6 Basic Characteristics of the “world political economy”
I. Single world market
-- Market competition
-- increasing production is partly achieved through geographic setting.
II. State system there is a territorial division between states creating trade boundaries restrictions and tariffs.
-- Friction of geography
III. Three geographic tiers
-- Core, periphery, semi-periphery dependence and interrelationships
IV. Temporal patterns
-- There exists a cyclical pattern of growth and stagnation.
V. Incorporation, subordination and resistance
-- Different parts of the world react differently to the world economy
-- Local systems are capable of resisting or accepting outside influence
VI. Adaptations
-- each part of world has its own place in the world economy
1. Location and space
- Absolute location
-- identification of place by a set of precise, accepted system of coordinates
e.g, latitude and longitude; grid referencing systems
- Relative location
-- position in relation to other place or things
-- expresses spatial interconnection and interdependence
e.g, “the suburbs”
- Site
-- an absolute location concept
-- physical and cultural characteristics of the place
e.g, th street and th ave.
- Situation
-- the external relations of the locale; relative site.
- Topological space
-- defined by connections between or connectivity of particular points in space
-- measure by the nature and degree of connectivity(how well points are linked)
- Cognitive space
-- defined and measured in terms of person’s values, feelings and perceptions about
locations
e.g, landmarks envirenment
Example Saskatoon
Absolute location
- 5° 07 00 N - 106° 8 00 W
Relative location
- 5 km north of Regina
Site
- 501 meters asl(above sea level)
Situation
- Most populous city in Saskatchewan
. Distance and Accessibility
1) Distance distance produces predictable patterns of economic activity
a) absolute distance
b) relative distance
c) cognitive distance
) Accessibility
-- dependent upon distance
-- opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location, in relation to
other locations
-- intensity of economic activity declines away from the most accessible ares
) Distance decay effect
• spatial interaction declines with increasing distance
• consider how often Saskatoon businesses provide for near versus distant rural communities
4) Agglomerations
-- points that are grouped or clustered together
-- high degree of connectivity
--agglomeration economies
-- Silicon Valley, California (clustering of high-tech industries)
-- Midtown Plaza (multi-purpose shopping)
-- business benefits from being close together
-- shopping center(multi-purpose shopping)
. Movement
1) Complementary
-- a good and services flow between places based on supply-demand relationships.
- e.g. supply of water and electricity from Canada to the US
- e.g. oil from Saudi Arabia to the US
) Intervening opportunity
-- service to produce or eliminate the flow
e.g, few goods and services flow from BC to NF
Toronto services as an “intervening opportunity”
) Transferability
-- concerns the friction of distance
-- cost of transferring goods and services increases with distance
e.g, most trade occurs between neighboring nations
4. Spatial interaction
“Any two objects attract one another according to the product of their masses divided by the square of the distance between them”
- Newton’s law of gravitation
“interaction between places is a function of population size and ‘friction’ between places”
‘friction’ is a function of
distance
intervening opportunity
accessibility
transportation route quality, etc.
Principles
1) larger places have greater drawing power for flows of individuals, commodities,
and information than smaller ones.
) places that are more distant have a weaker attraction for one another than closer
places.
Iij = k(Pi x Pj)/ dij.
Where
Iij = interaction between origin i and destination j
Pi and Pj = population (weight) of origin i and destination j
dij = distance between origin i and destination j
k = constant (e.g. 1/ ) measure of relative attractiveness or limits to friction
. = adjustment for distance decay (unique to the type of interaction measured, friction etc)
Critical distance
• For each activity, there is a distance beyond which the intensity of contact declines
• Up to the critical distance is the ‘frictionless zone’
• Distance is not a limiting factor
Try the following example
Iij = k(Pi x Pj)/ dij.
Ixy = 1/(600x400)/56 = 5.5
Ixz = 1/(600x00)/48 = 17.6
Iyz = 1/(400x00)/0 = 66.6
5. Diffusion � the spread of ideas and innovations across space
Relocation Diffusion -- Carriers the idea or innovation themselves are diffused over space and time
- e.g. movement and migration
Contagious Diffusion -- ideas or innovations spread from one person to the next contagiously
- based on geographic proximity
- e.g. spread of a contagious disease
Hierarchical Diffusion -- ideas or innovations leap over many intervening people and places
- large cities are first to receive the new ideas or innovations
- geographic distance is a less important factor
- e.g. spread of technology and fashion
Barriers to Diffusion
1) Absorbing Barrier
- pulse of the idea or innovation is completely stopped
) Reflecting Barrier
- channel the energy of diffusion in a local area
) Permeable Barrier
- allows the diffusion process, but generally slows it down
6. Comparative Advantage
• Ares should specialize in activities for which they have the greater factor endowments
Example “Product Life Cycle”
7. Factors of production
Production possibilities curve
- land (resources)
- physical or geographic units
- raw materical
- capital
- machinery and equipment
- labour
- human labour
- high technology to low-end assembly
- entrepreneurial skill
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