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Workbook Questions
I have chosen to compare politics in Germany and France.
1. a) What are the significant parties and what have been their respective strengths?
The significant parties on the right of the political spectrum in Germany are the CDU/CSU and the FDP. The CDU and CSU, the latter a regional party in Bavaria only, usually gain between 5% and 45% of the votes. The Liberals however only 5% to 8%.
In France, the major party on the right is the UMP, created before the latest presidential election in April 00 to promote the candidacy of Jacques Chirac. This very large party organization is a merger of three parties the Gaullist Party, the UDF, and the Liberal Party. The UMP secures between 40% to 55% of the votes. The other party on the right in France is the Front National, the extreme right party, which fetches up to 0% of the votes.
On the other side of the political spectrum in Germany, the most significant parties are the SPD, the Greens and the former communist party, the PDS. At present, the social democrats and the Greens are coalition partners at national level. The SPD gain 5 % to 45 % of the votes, the Greens 5 to 10% and the PDS around 5%.
In France, the Socialist Party (PS) and the PCF are the most important leftist parties with a share of votes ranging from 0 to 45% for the PS and 10 to 15 % for the PCF.
b) Give a profile of each party- what is its ideology, what groups does it represent and in which regions does its support lie?
In Germany, the CDU and the CSU are ambiguous on a mixed economy. They think the power of the trade unions should be clearly limited; however the welfare system is to be preserved as much as possible. Also, the traditional values such as the family, Christianity and order are to be protected and promoted. These two parties represent the middle class, older citizens and business people. The CDU is supported by a vast majority of the Bavarian population.
The FDP supports a relative deregulation of the economy. This means that the borders of the country should be more opened to immigration and foreign goods. Also, regulations affecting business should be simplified and the power of the trade unions somewhat curbed. Furthermore, the Liberals think that taxes should be reduced. Generally speaking they promote a reduction of the role of the State in economic life, a model closer to the liberalism as we know it today in the UK. Senior public servants are the ones who are most attracted by the FDP ideology, especially in the region of Baden Wurttemberg.
In the SPD’s view, the welfare system is to be protected at all cost, the power of big businesses should be kept within strict limits and the trade unions should play an important role in economic life. This party represents working class people and state employees especially within the traditional industrial regions such as the Ruhr and former Eastern Germany.
The main ideology of the Greens is the protection of the environment but also and recently the promotion of economic liberalism, the modernization of the economic system. The Greens are supported in big cities such as Berlin, Bremen, Cologne, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, by students, young executives and intellectuals.
Finally, the PDS is predictably in favour of high public spending. The party also encourages State intervention in the ownership of companies, in wide ranging regulations and in the redistribution of wealth. The Welfare State in its widest definition should be promoted. Supporters of the PDS include working class people mostly in East Germany and intellectuals.
In France, the UMP is a merger of the Gaullist Party, the UDF and the Liberal Party. The Gaullist Party is of a conservative and nationalist leaning. This party thinks the State should play an important role in economic life and that Europe should be a federation of sovereign states rather than a single entity. Its support is widespread across the whole country i.e. in urban as well as rural areas and across the various social classes.
The UDF is a conservative party, more pro European and keener on free trade than the Gaullists. Its roots tend to be in the country side especially in the western part of France. The UDF is predominantly supported by the middle class.
Finally, the Liberals are in favour of deregulation of the economy. Their supporters tend to be business owners and senior executives in big cities.
The extreme Right’s ideology consists in anti immigration / xenophobia, the closing of borders to foreign competition, the promotion of small businesses rather than big groups, the regulation of the economy and above all an increase in security. Support for the Front National is usually at its strongest in regions with a high proportion of immigrants, such as Provence, the Cote d’Azur, Alsace and northern France. Ex communist party voters form a large part of its voters.
To the left of the political system, the Socialists strongly encourage a very large role by the state in economic life; subsidies, high taxes, redistribution of wealth. The socialist party has strong links with the trade unions. They feel big businesses should be tightly controlled. Mainly working class and middle class citizens in big cities, especially in the South-western part of France, vote for the socialists.
Finally, the PCF is against Europe, against NATO, against the United States, against globalization and economic liberalism. The party exerts a strong influence over one of the largest trade unions, the Confederation Generale du Travail (CGT). Big business and capitalists are the enemy. Large companies and most of the financial system should be owned by the State. Support is drawn mostly from working class people, civil servants, immigrants and those who work in State owned companies. The PCF is at its strongest in big cities and their outskirts and regions where traditional industries are suffering and in those with a high proportion of immigrants.
c) Which parties have combined in coalition to form a government and what coalitions seem possible in the immediate future?
At the moment, in Germany, the SPD and the Greens are forming a coalition at national level with Gerhard Schroeder as Chancellor. Before that, it was the CDU/CSU and the FDP with Helmut Kohl as Chancellor. Given the current economic problems of Germany one could reasonably expect the current coalition to disappear with the Greens breaking away. The Green Party is keen on economic reform which the SPD does not agree on. A new coalition SPD and PDS could be conceivable or even SPD with CDU/CSU.
In France, the UMP is the dominant political party. However it is the result of a merger between, principally, the Gaullists and the UDF. Although a small fraction of the UDF is keen to preserve a separate identity within the coalition, there is no reasonable prospect of a break up at this stage because the two parties are united by a relatively strong ideology and community of interest.
d) What cleavages have traditionally underlain the party systems? Are they still important?
There has always been a cleavage between the Left and the Right in the political system. Indeed, traditionally, their ideologies diverge. For example, in the classic sense, the Left says we should all break with the past. However the Right explains that history is a guide for the future, that traditions are to be respected and that existing structures should be cared for. They believe in continuity, in evolution, unlike the Left which believes that revolution is necessary to be able to progress and therefore wants discontinuity. Furthermore, while the traditional Left strongly believes in equality among citizens, in redistribution of wealth thanks to taxes and regulations, the Right believes in private property and legitimacy of wealth accumulation.
The Right recommends that the State should intervene as little as possible in economic life whereas the traditional Left thinks the State should own companies for the purpose of better protecting the population from the pressure of market forces.
In respect of law and order, the Left will tend to tolerate more freedom for the individual than the Right which will tend to be stricter on enforcement.
The Left and Right’s ideas on family values are also totally different. The former thinks they can easily be challenged by divorce or contraception, while the latter thinks they should be strongly respected. The Right will tend to relate easily to a model whereby the authority within the family rests with the father first. The Left will recognize readily that the classic family structure may not work best in all circumstances.
The Right will tend to promote religion or the role of the Church more aggressively than the Left for which atheism does not represent a specific problem.
These differences between the Right and the Left are less important than before. Indeed, it is now very difficult to identify the Left with the lower class and the Right with the rich. Even if people do not enjoy the same degree of wealth, they have more and more access to similar opportunities in terms of schooling, health, right to vote, housing. Moreover, goods are nowadays more and more affordable to a larger section of the population (at least in the developed world).
The fall of communism has blurred the traditional distinction between Left and Right. People have come to realise that the interests of the working class are not in contradiction with those of the upper class. Ownership of companies is much more spread out than before. State ownership is not a guarantee of fairness and does not protect companies and their workers from competition and mismanagement.
.a) What far right parties are there and how have they affected the party system?
There are three main far right parties in Germany, Die Deutsche Volksunion (German people’s party), Die Republikaner (republicans) and Die Nationaldemocratische Partei Deutschlands (National Democratic Party of Germany). These parties rarely get above 5% in the polls. They have no substantial influence in political life. No mainstream party will want to associate itself with movements whose values are reminiscent of those of the National Socialist party of some 70 years ago.
Supporters are lower class and senior citizens in big cities where immigration is strong. But although representation in Parliament is only very marginal German authorities have reported a 10% increase in right-wing violence in the country.
In France however, the Front National led by Jean Marie Le Pen made it to the second round in the 00 elections when it fetched 18% of the votes but was duly defeated by Chirac. The FN benefited from the many leftist candidates for the elections, which led to the splitting of the socialist votes. On this occasion the FN played a role in French politics which was larger than its relatively modest share of the popular vote.
In regional elections where the UMP does not have a natural majority, it needs the votes of the Front National supporters to win. However the democratic Right cannot publicly enter into an alliance with the FN for fear of antagonizing its natural voters. Therefore many unspoken agreements and compromises are entered into at regional level between the local leaders of the mainstream right wing parties and those of the FN.
b) What have been the reasons for the growth of these parties?
The far right parties have gained influence especially in Europe because of the opening of borders within the European Union and with the rest of the world. Many European countries have eased immigration procedures. Economic security and violence have become strong concerns mainly for senior citizens and those who have a precarious employment. The fear of crime is currently reinforced following recent terrorist attacks. Law and order parties are little by little gaining influence. Their message of low tolerance for crime, especially when committed by immigrants, is a vote catcher with a growing section of the population.
c) What green parties are there and what has been their impact?
Die Grünen of Germany are members of the current coalition with the SDP. It is said to be the most influential green party in Europe. At national elections they obtained 6.7% of the votes in 18. Their aim is to push the liberalisation of the economy as well as their initial objective which is the protection of the environment. They believe this goal can only be achieved if society changes both its values and the way it conducts business.
In France, the Greens (les Verts) led by Dominique Voynet, tend to be left wing with ideas that are not totally dissimilar to those of the socialist party, although the emphasis on the environment is stronger. The Greens in France obtained 10% of the votes at the 18 elections which was a great surprise because in 14 they only managed to score a total of % of the votes. In the Paris area alone, the Greens scored almost 0%. The increases of votes have prompted them to fight for greater influence in future local elections.
At the moment, the nuclear energy issue is at the centre of their policy concerns.
Compared to Germany, the role of the Greens in French politics is small. This is due to the fact that France is a lower density country and therefore environmental problems are less acute. Also it is possible that German romanticism is more conducive to the protection of nature.
d) What have been the reasons for the growth of green parties and is their growth likely to continue?
The population increase is one of the reasons for the growth of green parties in parliaments nowadays. Indeed, the continuous growth of the car industry leads to very visible forms of pollution. Industrial food processing, biotechnology (genetically modified crops and cloning for example) make most people extremely insecure as to the real benefits of scientific progress. Also, nuclear accidents and accidents involving petrol tankers and chemical plants are also a reason for insecurity. To the extent that the green parties question the merits of the ever growing intrusion of science in everyday life and how science should be controlled, they respond to the anxiety of an ever larger constituency.
. a) Can Parliaments change the Government’s legislative proposals? Can they control Government spending and tax raising? What means do they have to scrutinise and influence Government policy?
In France as in Germany it is indeed a prerogative of the legislative power to change government policies. In both countries the budget is submitted to the approval of Parliament. The final budget may therefore be the result of a series of compromises between the executive and legislative powers. Votes of no confidence or the threat thereof can be used in Germany and France to force the government to amend its proposals in the direction preferred by Parliament. It should be noted that, since neither the German or the French President can be challenged by Parliament, the greater power of the French President compared with his German counterpart does provide the French executive power with more stability.
In practice, in both countries, a government enjoying a majority in Parliament is unlikely to be challenged by it. This is especially the case in Germany where the Bundestag specifically approves the nomination of the Chancellor by the President. In France, although the Parliament is not asked to ratify the choice of Prime Minister, the President must appoint as Prime Minister a member of the parliamentary majority. A strong community of views is therefore likely to exist between the respective cabinets and parliaments.
b) What is the power of the Prime Minister in relationship to the Head of State? Other Ministers? The Cabinet? Parliament? Regional Government?
The federal government consists of the Chancellor and his or her cabinet ministers. The Basic Law invests the Chancellor with central executive authority. For that reason, some people refer to the German political system as a “Chancellor democracy”. The Chancellor’s authority emanates from the provisions of the Basic Law and from his or her status as leader of the party or coalition of parties holding a majority of seats in the Bundestag. Every four years, after national elections and the seating of the newly elected Bundestag members, the federal president nominates a chancellor candidate the chancellor is then elected by majority vote in the Bundestag. He is the most powerful individual in German politics. Article 65 of the Basic Law states “ the Chancellor determines the guidelines of policy to which the government complies”
The German President has a limited procedural role, he appoints and dismisses cabinet ministers and can dissolve the Bundestag but it is always on advice from the chancellor.
Article 65 of the Basic Law sets forth three principles that define how the executive branch functions. First, the “chancellor principle” makes the chancellor responsible for all government policies. Any formal policy guidelines issued by the chancellor are legally binding directives that cabinet ministers must implement. Cabinet ministers are expected to introduce specific policies at the ministerial level that reflect the chancellor’s broader guidelines. Second the “principle of ministerial autonomy” entrusts each minister with the freedom to supervise departmental operations and prepare legislative proposals without cabinet interference so long as the minister’s policies are kept within the chancellor’s guidelines. Third, the “cabinet principle” calls for disagreements between federal ministers over jurisdictional or budgetary matters to be settled by the cabinet.
The chancellor determines the composition of the cabinet. According to the Basic Law, the chancellor may set the number of cabinet ministers and dictate their specific duties.
The German chancellor is stable; he is elected by the Bundestag and derives authority from the level of parliamentary support given in this vote. Unlike most parliamentary legislatures, the Bundestag cannot remove the chancellor simply with a vote of no-confidence. The Basic Law allows only for a “constructive vote of no confidence”. That is, the Bundestag can remove a chancellor only when it simultaneously agrees on a successor.
The chancellor can append a simple no-confidence provision to any government legislative proposal. If the Bundestag rejects the proposal, the chancellor may request that the president dissolve the Parliament and call new elections. Although not often used, it can pressurise the Bundestag to vote in favour of legislation.
The German Chancellor is usually the leader of his own party. This increases stability and power. He is therefore able to sustain this power because of this stability.
Germany, being a federal state, entrusts regional governments and parliaments with wide ranging powers to determine policies valid at the “Land” level. There is real delegation of authority on the part of the federal government. Each “Land” thus can adopt laws which are specific to it. By definition, the powers vested in local politicians limit those of the federal government, hence those of the Chancellor.
In France, the President is the main person in the Executive Branch of the government. He also has particular responsibility for Defence and Foreign Policy. He is the one who nominates the Prime Minister; this is the same in Germany. However, the French President may also dismiss the Prime Minister and the rest of the government. In Germany, the Chancellor can only be dismissed by a “constructive vote of no confidence” by the Parliament.
Unlike Germany where the Chancellor often directs the guidelines of the President, in France, the Prime minister must always be answerable to him. He is the one who gives directions and who does the strategic thinking. According to the Constitution of 158, the Prime Minister “shall direct the operation of the government” and the government “shall determine and direct the policy of the Nation”. Essentially, the Prime Minister and the cabinet operate to provide the direction or resources necessary to implement the policies conceived by the President. One of the many functions of the Prime Minister is the harnessing of a parliamentary majority for presidential policies since a majority in parliament may censure or reject a governmental program, forcing the resignation of the government. The Prime Minister can appoint and dismiss cabinet ministers, so can the German Chancellor.
France is a state governed from the centre. Regions play a much lesser role than in Federal Germany. No regional parliaments exist although the “conseils regionaux” whose members are representatives of people elected at local level have a consultative role. The central government is represented in each French “departement” by a “Prefet” appointed by Paris without any interference by the legislative power. The Prime Minister is thus able to play (indirectly through his ministers) a major role in provincial matters.
Bibliography
www.news.nationalgeographic.com/news/000/0/04_europe.html
www.greenparties.hpg.ig.com.br/introduction.html
www.tms.physics.lsa.umich.edu/14/other/news/france-greens-nuc.html
www.archives.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/jospin_version/GB/PM/PRESPM.htm
www.lib.byv,edu/rdh?eurodas/germ/ggery.html
Mind that the sample papers like compare politics in germany and france presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, January 24, 2013
Wednesday, January 23, 2013
THE MEET
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like THE MEET even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like THE MEET in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
State Track Meet
“The most important thing is that he’s dedicated himself as far as his approach to track is concerned,’ Coach Hernandez said. “He’s worked a lot harder this year and really stayed focused throughout the later part of the season. His focus has been so good.” In 18, my junior year in high school, I made a pact with myself to make it to the Texas University Interscholastic League’s State Track and Field Championships. In my family, we came from a long line of track and field competitors. Though none of my them had ever accomplished the dream of making it to the big state meet, I knew if I was cooperative by keeping me dedicated and focused, their dream would become my reality.
The Texas 5A state track meet consists of eight of the fastest runners from the biggest schools per event, so this was apparently no walk in the park. I knew many sacrifices on my part would be made to fulfill my dream. Football was the first sacrifice I made, because I knew I had to keep my focus only on track. It was hard to let go of but it was taking up too much of my time and I needed that time to improve my running skills. Although football was good conditioning, it wasn’t the conditioning I needed to make it to the state meet. I practiced two times a day, two hours in the morning and four hours in the afternoon, for a whole year. I looked up workouts on the internet that the famous coach Clyde Hart from Baylor University developed for mid class sprinters, and used those workouts to my advantage. “He’s more positive with what he does. The track has changed his attitude. He works harder and he’s very serious about what he does,” Coach Ware stated. He would yell out times to me during workouts and if I didn’t hit those times, I would make myself go back and repeatedly do them again. I would push my self so far in practice that I would vomit an average of about four times a week. My coaches would tell me not to push it so hard in practice, but my determination to make it to the state meet excelled beyond their expectations. My daily schedule consisted of morning track practice, then school, followed by afternoon track practice and finally studying school subjects along with track tapes of other competitors. While every one of my classmates was sleeping late on weekend mornings, I was out on the track bright and early working my legs out from under me. I missed many major social gatherings like prom and football games because at night I would watch tapes of other opponents and study their techniques of running. I would write strategies on their weakest points of the race and where I could make a move against them. I gave up my unhealthy eating habits so I could be healthier and my diet consisted of many fruits and vegetables, lots and lots of water and many carbohydrates.
On May sixteenth 18, I made my way to the biggest track meet of my life. I lined my blocks up and took a couple of practice starts. Finally, the starter gives his three famous commands; on your marks…get set…and the gun goes off. The race started and all you could hear was roaring crowd of 60,000 fans on their feet. When the final stretch approached I was dead even with the top three runners in the state, so the race could go either way. Lane one and lane four crossed the finish line, leaving lane eight and I neck and neck for a photo finish. Then an official approaches me and tells me to make my way to the award booth because I placed third. I looked up to find 70 friends and family wearing t-shirts with my school colors on them, cheering and crying for my victory and that’s when I knew that all my dedication and focus had paid off.
Mind that the sample papers like THE MEET presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
State Track Meet
“The most important thing is that he’s dedicated himself as far as his approach to track is concerned,’ Coach Hernandez said. “He’s worked a lot harder this year and really stayed focused throughout the later part of the season. His focus has been so good.” In 18, my junior year in high school, I made a pact with myself to make it to the Texas University Interscholastic League’s State Track and Field Championships. In my family, we came from a long line of track and field competitors. Though none of my them had ever accomplished the dream of making it to the big state meet, I knew if I was cooperative by keeping me dedicated and focused, their dream would become my reality.
The Texas 5A state track meet consists of eight of the fastest runners from the biggest schools per event, so this was apparently no walk in the park. I knew many sacrifices on my part would be made to fulfill my dream. Football was the first sacrifice I made, because I knew I had to keep my focus only on track. It was hard to let go of but it was taking up too much of my time and I needed that time to improve my running skills. Although football was good conditioning, it wasn’t the conditioning I needed to make it to the state meet. I practiced two times a day, two hours in the morning and four hours in the afternoon, for a whole year. I looked up workouts on the internet that the famous coach Clyde Hart from Baylor University developed for mid class sprinters, and used those workouts to my advantage. “He’s more positive with what he does. The track has changed his attitude. He works harder and he’s very serious about what he does,” Coach Ware stated. He would yell out times to me during workouts and if I didn’t hit those times, I would make myself go back and repeatedly do them again. I would push my self so far in practice that I would vomit an average of about four times a week. My coaches would tell me not to push it so hard in practice, but my determination to make it to the state meet excelled beyond their expectations. My daily schedule consisted of morning track practice, then school, followed by afternoon track practice and finally studying school subjects along with track tapes of other competitors. While every one of my classmates was sleeping late on weekend mornings, I was out on the track bright and early working my legs out from under me. I missed many major social gatherings like prom and football games because at night I would watch tapes of other opponents and study their techniques of running. I would write strategies on their weakest points of the race and where I could make a move against them. I gave up my unhealthy eating habits so I could be healthier and my diet consisted of many fruits and vegetables, lots and lots of water and many carbohydrates.
On May sixteenth 18, I made my way to the biggest track meet of my life. I lined my blocks up and took a couple of practice starts. Finally, the starter gives his three famous commands; on your marks…get set…and the gun goes off. The race started and all you could hear was roaring crowd of 60,000 fans on their feet. When the final stretch approached I was dead even with the top three runners in the state, so the race could go either way. Lane one and lane four crossed the finish line, leaving lane eight and I neck and neck for a photo finish. Then an official approaches me and tells me to make my way to the award booth because I placed third. I looked up to find 70 friends and family wearing t-shirts with my school colors on them, cheering and crying for my victory and that’s when I knew that all my dedication and focus had paid off.
Mind that the sample papers like THE MEET presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The woman Behind The Yellow Wallpaper
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like The woman Behind The Yellow Wallpaper even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like The woman Behind The Yellow Wallpaper in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The short story “The Yellow Wallpaper”, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, illustrates mental illness through a first-hand reliable source. The main theme in this story is insanity vs. loneliness as well as the theme of being trapped. These themes are shown through the main character as she battles with her own mind, life, and surroundings.
The theme of insanity is the main focus of the whole story. The story surrounds the main character who is a woman suffering from a mental illness. It is very evident to the reader that the main character is in fact sick when she states, “You see he does not believe I am sick!” (106) speaking about her husband who is a physician. So here she admits that she is sick when after a few weeks she states, “I’m glad my case is not serious!” (108) In this statement she is contradicting herself and this shows the reader the confusion she is facing.
The yellow wallpaper in the main characters bedroom is a major symbol in this story. This wallpaper plays a big role in the main characters insanity. The main characters infatuation with the paper inflames her problem and infects her mind and perception. This is evident when she confesses “It dwells in my mind so!” (111) The main characters disease gets worse the more time she spends around the wallpaper. Near the end if the story she says, “no person touches this paper but me,-not alive!” (118) Therefore the yellow wallpaper plays a very large part in the main characters insanity.
Loneliness also is a theme in this story although it is not as evident. The reader can tell that the main character does not only suffer from insanity but also from depression, perhaps because of her loneliness. She often finds herself crying and she says “I cry at nothing, and cry most of the time.”(111) She tries tot ell her husband how she is feeling but she is unable, she discovers “I was crying before I had finished.”(11) The reader can see how this woman is very upset and it is not only due to her illness. Although the main character makes many references and comments about her husband she does not find him very reassuring. He talks to her like a child, this is shown when he says “What is it little girl?” (11), and “Bless her little heart!” (11) This makes the main character feel insignificant and once again alone. She states, “I am alone a good deal just now.” (111)
The theme of being trapped intertwines with both of the previous themes. The main character feels extremely trapped. Although she never admits it, this theme is greatly implied throughout the story. The main character first of all feels trapped by her husband. This is obvious when she states “I am absolutely forbidden to ‘work’ until I am well again.”(106) Even more-so, the main character feels trapped by her sickness. As her sickness grows and she becomes more involved with the yellow wallpaper, she begins to see a woman behind the wallpaper, she states, “it becomes bars!…and the woman behind them is as plain as can be.”(114) This symbolizes the main character trapped behind her sickness and unable to escape. She is seeing herself in the wallpaper without even realizing it. She also makes a comment stating, “she is all the time trying to climb through, but nobody could climb through that pattern-it strangles so;”(116) This shows the main characters desperateness to be free but her husband, the wallpaper and her sickness wont let her.
The narrator in this story is first person. This is effective because it allows the reader to see into the mind of the main character and realize how truly sick she is. Of course this is only from her perspective, as the reader cannot see what the husband John, or nurse Jennie are thinking. Anyhow, since the themes of this story surround the main character the point of view is sufficient, and relevant.
The main literary device in this story is personification. The wallpaper seems to look at and talk to the main character from her perceptions. This is evident as the main character describes what she sees in the wallpaper here, “two bulbous eyes stare at you.”(10) Also as her sickness deepens she feels that the wallpaper “slaps (her) in the face.”(114)
The tone and mood in this story is very disturbing. As the story progresses so does the main characters sickness. The reader is sucked into the mind of this woman and therefore begins to realize her pain and insanity. This story almost gives the reader a sick feeling as they notice the incomprehensible things that the main character goes through and sees. The reader becomes wrapped in the readers twisted thoughts and almost becomes frightened. It is a dark and disturbing atmosphere.
The ending of this story is rather disturbing but yet uplifting at the same time. It is disturbing that the main character locks herself in her room and destroys the wallpaper that fascinated her for so long, and when John finally breaks in he faints and it is not totally clear why. It is uplifting though that at the end the main character feels that she is free from her sickness and free from all of the bad things she saw in the wallpaper. She finally comes to see that she was in fact the woman who she saw in the wallpaper. All throughout the story the word “creep” is used. Referring to the smell of the wallpaper and how “it creeps all over the house.”(115), also referring to the woman in the wallpaper. The main character states “It is the same woman, I know, for she is always creeping and most women do not creep by daylight.”(116) At the end of the story these statements all come together when the main character has ripped down all of the yellow wallpaper and her husband faints across the path she has made. She states “I had to creep over him every time!”(11) and “I kept on creeping just the same.”(11) This shows the reader that the main character saw herself trapped in the wallpaper and once she rips it down she states “ I’ve got out at last.”(11) The main character feels free and cured. This ending is very emotional for the reader. If provides feelings of sadness, and happiness.
This story is very effective in showing all of the different themes whether they are clearly stated or just implied. It combines many literary techniques that all intertwine together to make a very enjoyable story.
Mind that the sample papers like The woman Behind The Yellow Wallpaper presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The short story “The Yellow Wallpaper”, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, illustrates mental illness through a first-hand reliable source. The main theme in this story is insanity vs. loneliness as well as the theme of being trapped. These themes are shown through the main character as she battles with her own mind, life, and surroundings.
The theme of insanity is the main focus of the whole story. The story surrounds the main character who is a woman suffering from a mental illness. It is very evident to the reader that the main character is in fact sick when she states, “You see he does not believe I am sick!” (106) speaking about her husband who is a physician. So here she admits that she is sick when after a few weeks she states, “I’m glad my case is not serious!” (108) In this statement she is contradicting herself and this shows the reader the confusion she is facing.
The yellow wallpaper in the main characters bedroom is a major symbol in this story. This wallpaper plays a big role in the main characters insanity. The main characters infatuation with the paper inflames her problem and infects her mind and perception. This is evident when she confesses “It dwells in my mind so!” (111) The main characters disease gets worse the more time she spends around the wallpaper. Near the end if the story she says, “no person touches this paper but me,-not alive!” (118) Therefore the yellow wallpaper plays a very large part in the main characters insanity.
Loneliness also is a theme in this story although it is not as evident. The reader can tell that the main character does not only suffer from insanity but also from depression, perhaps because of her loneliness. She often finds herself crying and she says “I cry at nothing, and cry most of the time.”(111) She tries tot ell her husband how she is feeling but she is unable, she discovers “I was crying before I had finished.”(11) The reader can see how this woman is very upset and it is not only due to her illness. Although the main character makes many references and comments about her husband she does not find him very reassuring. He talks to her like a child, this is shown when he says “What is it little girl?” (11), and “Bless her little heart!” (11) This makes the main character feel insignificant and once again alone. She states, “I am alone a good deal just now.” (111)
The theme of being trapped intertwines with both of the previous themes. The main character feels extremely trapped. Although she never admits it, this theme is greatly implied throughout the story. The main character first of all feels trapped by her husband. This is obvious when she states “I am absolutely forbidden to ‘work’ until I am well again.”(106) Even more-so, the main character feels trapped by her sickness. As her sickness grows and she becomes more involved with the yellow wallpaper, she begins to see a woman behind the wallpaper, she states, “it becomes bars!…and the woman behind them is as plain as can be.”(114) This symbolizes the main character trapped behind her sickness and unable to escape. She is seeing herself in the wallpaper without even realizing it. She also makes a comment stating, “she is all the time trying to climb through, but nobody could climb through that pattern-it strangles so;”(116) This shows the main characters desperateness to be free but her husband, the wallpaper and her sickness wont let her.
The narrator in this story is first person. This is effective because it allows the reader to see into the mind of the main character and realize how truly sick she is. Of course this is only from her perspective, as the reader cannot see what the husband John, or nurse Jennie are thinking. Anyhow, since the themes of this story surround the main character the point of view is sufficient, and relevant.
The main literary device in this story is personification. The wallpaper seems to look at and talk to the main character from her perceptions. This is evident as the main character describes what she sees in the wallpaper here, “two bulbous eyes stare at you.”(10) Also as her sickness deepens she feels that the wallpaper “slaps (her) in the face.”(114)
The tone and mood in this story is very disturbing. As the story progresses so does the main characters sickness. The reader is sucked into the mind of this woman and therefore begins to realize her pain and insanity. This story almost gives the reader a sick feeling as they notice the incomprehensible things that the main character goes through and sees. The reader becomes wrapped in the readers twisted thoughts and almost becomes frightened. It is a dark and disturbing atmosphere.
The ending of this story is rather disturbing but yet uplifting at the same time. It is disturbing that the main character locks herself in her room and destroys the wallpaper that fascinated her for so long, and when John finally breaks in he faints and it is not totally clear why. It is uplifting though that at the end the main character feels that she is free from her sickness and free from all of the bad things she saw in the wallpaper. She finally comes to see that she was in fact the woman who she saw in the wallpaper. All throughout the story the word “creep” is used. Referring to the smell of the wallpaper and how “it creeps all over the house.”(115), also referring to the woman in the wallpaper. The main character states “It is the same woman, I know, for she is always creeping and most women do not creep by daylight.”(116) At the end of the story these statements all come together when the main character has ripped down all of the yellow wallpaper and her husband faints across the path she has made. She states “I had to creep over him every time!”(11) and “I kept on creeping just the same.”(11) This shows the reader that the main character saw herself trapped in the wallpaper and once she rips it down she states “ I’ve got out at last.”(11) The main character feels free and cured. This ending is very emotional for the reader. If provides feelings of sadness, and happiness.
This story is very effective in showing all of the different themes whether they are clearly stated or just implied. It combines many literary techniques that all intertwine together to make a very enjoyable story.
Mind that the sample papers like The woman Behind The Yellow Wallpaper presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, January 22, 2013
boundary crosser
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like boundary crosser even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like boundary crosser in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Being a boundary crosser doesn’t have to include earth-shattering experiences around the world. I have never been out of the United States, but I have crossed many boundaries and learned lessons from it here in our country. Any time I have reached out of my comfort zone for the benefit of someone else, I believe that is crossing a boundary.
It is innate for me to cross boundaries evidenced in many ways when reviewing my activities and choices I have made in my high school years. Early in my development I made the change from being strictly an academic student to a student-athlete status. Athletics has exposed me to a diverse group of people, and in the team sports I play such as football and baseball everyone is forced to work together. More recently I crossed a boundary when I started volunteering in my community. I started a volunteer service at Myrtle Terrace, an income based housing facility for elderly ladies. There are thirty residents at Myrtle Terrace, and they all come from different regions and backgrounds. Also the elderly population comes from a different socioeconomic background than me. Not only have the residents benefited from my services, but I have also learned a great deal from speaking and working with them. The school systems today are very diverse, and some of the roles I have taken in my school have been boundary crossings. I was the class president my sophomore and freshman years and student body vice president my junior year. This year I am the senior class president. Working in leadership positions exposes you to many types of people, and a good leader works well with everyone. I must admit I take pride in the fact that I have a diverse group of friends. It is true that cliques do exist in our schools. However, I have friends from all groups of people from different ethnic, educational, and financial backgrounds. I have found my best friends are those that are unlike myself. One experience that requires youth to cross boundaries is going to a work camp. I have done this twice through my church youth group. One was in Wilmington, NC and the other was in Tullahoma, TN. Both times I was humbled as I was exposed to people less fortunate than me. When I was able to help them by repairing their homes I felt the greatest sense of accomplishment. Another example of crossing a boundary is my participation in tutoring. I have tutored five students in the past three years, and one in particular means a lot to me. I am currently helping a student who is Hispanic, and he is the only person in his family that knows English. I was selected from a group of peer tutors to help this special student. I say he is special because he has developed a brain tumor that is robbing him of his sight. Now he can only see very large objects. Of all the classes, the one I am helping him with is geometry where sight is vital in learning. I sit with him during his class and describe what the teacher is doing, and I have a dry-erase board that I draw large shapes on for him to see. I just got a viewer magnification machine for him to use, which helps him some. This is a challenge for both of us, as we haven’t dealt with the problem before. The student is an inspiration to me because he always has a positive attitude and works hard everyday despite his misfortune. I am very proud of his effort and it paid off when he got the grade back on his first quiz. It was a joy seeing the smile crack on his face when the teacher told him he scored a perfect 100.
In reflection I see a common trait emerging with every boundary I trespass, and that is the leadership qualities I posses. The willingness for me to leave my comfort zone and engage in the unfamiliar is a result of my attraction to leading. I would like to offer a quote that I feel surmises the qualities necessary to be a boundary crosser, and also describes the perception my family, peers, and community has of me.
Mind that the sample papers like boundary crosser presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Being a boundary crosser doesn’t have to include earth-shattering experiences around the world. I have never been out of the United States, but I have crossed many boundaries and learned lessons from it here in our country. Any time I have reached out of my comfort zone for the benefit of someone else, I believe that is crossing a boundary.
It is innate for me to cross boundaries evidenced in many ways when reviewing my activities and choices I have made in my high school years. Early in my development I made the change from being strictly an academic student to a student-athlete status. Athletics has exposed me to a diverse group of people, and in the team sports I play such as football and baseball everyone is forced to work together. More recently I crossed a boundary when I started volunteering in my community. I started a volunteer service at Myrtle Terrace, an income based housing facility for elderly ladies. There are thirty residents at Myrtle Terrace, and they all come from different regions and backgrounds. Also the elderly population comes from a different socioeconomic background than me. Not only have the residents benefited from my services, but I have also learned a great deal from speaking and working with them. The school systems today are very diverse, and some of the roles I have taken in my school have been boundary crossings. I was the class president my sophomore and freshman years and student body vice president my junior year. This year I am the senior class president. Working in leadership positions exposes you to many types of people, and a good leader works well with everyone. I must admit I take pride in the fact that I have a diverse group of friends. It is true that cliques do exist in our schools. However, I have friends from all groups of people from different ethnic, educational, and financial backgrounds. I have found my best friends are those that are unlike myself. One experience that requires youth to cross boundaries is going to a work camp. I have done this twice through my church youth group. One was in Wilmington, NC and the other was in Tullahoma, TN. Both times I was humbled as I was exposed to people less fortunate than me. When I was able to help them by repairing their homes I felt the greatest sense of accomplishment. Another example of crossing a boundary is my participation in tutoring. I have tutored five students in the past three years, and one in particular means a lot to me. I am currently helping a student who is Hispanic, and he is the only person in his family that knows English. I was selected from a group of peer tutors to help this special student. I say he is special because he has developed a brain tumor that is robbing him of his sight. Now he can only see very large objects. Of all the classes, the one I am helping him with is geometry where sight is vital in learning. I sit with him during his class and describe what the teacher is doing, and I have a dry-erase board that I draw large shapes on for him to see. I just got a viewer magnification machine for him to use, which helps him some. This is a challenge for both of us, as we haven’t dealt with the problem before. The student is an inspiration to me because he always has a positive attitude and works hard everyday despite his misfortune. I am very proud of his effort and it paid off when he got the grade back on his first quiz. It was a joy seeing the smile crack on his face when the teacher told him he scored a perfect 100.
In reflection I see a common trait emerging with every boundary I trespass, and that is the leadership qualities I posses. The willingness for me to leave my comfort zone and engage in the unfamiliar is a result of my attraction to leading. I would like to offer a quote that I feel surmises the qualities necessary to be a boundary crosser, and also describes the perception my family, peers, and community has of me.
Mind that the sample papers like boundary crosser presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
THE IDAHO BATHOLITH AND YELLOWJACKET FORMATION
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like THE IDAHO BATHOLITH AND YELLOWJACKET FORMATION even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like THE IDAHO BATHOLITH AND YELLOWJACKET FORMATION in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
THE IDAHO BATHOLITH AND YELLOWJACKET FORMATION
INTRODUCTION
The Idaho Batholith, located in central Idaho, has some of the most rugged and remote terrain in North America. The Idaho Batholith extends north from the Frank Church Wilderness Area, through the Salmon-Challis national Forest, and terminates in north-central Idaho (Figure 1). It extends east from the Washington-Idaho border to the Idaho-Montana border.
The Idaho Batholith has had historical importance for Idahoans since Statehood in July , 180 (Arrington, 14). The Batholith served as a near-impassable obstacle for the early northern Statesmen, especially in the winter months. In order to attend State House and Senate meetings in Boise, Statesmen would generally travel to Seattle where they would then take a ship down the coast, up the Columbia River, and along the Snake River (Arrington, 14). This was a long and arduous trip, forcing the Statesmen to be away from home for months, and in many cases, all winter long. This caused a little discontent between the northerners and the rest of the state, to say the least.
The rugged terrain of the Idaho Batholith is the result of millions of years of violent geologic events and is the roots of an eroded away continental volcanic arc of late Cretaceous age (Alt and Hyndman, 15). The geologic history has been of great interest to geologists and students of geology for decades, and the rugged terrain and wild waters of the Salmon River have been an enjoyment for outdoorsmen for decades. This paper will discuss the origin of the Idaho Batholith and one of the most significant geologic formations in the Batholith, the Yellowjacket Formation. The Yellowjacket Formation is one of the most studied, yet most controversial, units of the Batholith.
Figure 1. Distribution of known and inferred Yellowjacket Formation (modified from Evans, 1).
PRECAMBRIAN THROUGH NEOGENE HISTORY
In order to understand the origin of the Idaho Batholith, the early geologic history of the West Coast, particularly Idaho, must be considered. In the late Precambrian Era, the West Coast, including Washington, Oregon, and California, were on the ocean basin floor and Idaho was on the miogeoclinal sediment shelf. Montana, Wyoming and the rest of North America were a shallow marine environment. As the Pacific oceanic plate subducted under the North American plate, a volcanic island arc, with a back-arc basin between the ancestral Washington-Idaho area, was built. This event occurred during the Ordovician and Early Devonian periods and created what is now called the Columbian Arc. As time progressed, the Farallon Plate began to subduct under the ocean basin floor. This created the North Cascade Island Arc, and Washington began to take shape. Further subduction of the Farallon Plate forced Washington closer to Idaho, as accretion and associated geologic forces started to build mountains, and the mountainous terrain of Idaho began to take shape.
THE IDAHO BATHOLITH
The Idaho Batholith is actually two lobes, the southern Atlanta lobe and the northern Bitterroot Lobe, separated by the Proterozoic metamorphic rocks of the Salmon River Arc (Lewis et al., 1). These two huge granitic plutons were forced to the surface during mountain building events in the late Cretaceous (75 Ma to 100 Ma). They have since been eroded and carved into a rugged and wild landscape by the forces of nature including wind, water, and ice. After the Batholith intrusion, the compressional forces began to relax. As noted by Link and Phoenix, 14), the processes of uplift and thinning of the thickened crust resulted in the high-grade metamorphic lower crust deforming against the low-grade metamorphic upper crust. This produced the metamorphic core complexes found along the length of the North American Cordillera. For example, the Pioneer Mountains are one of these metamorphic core complexes.
THE YELLOWJACKET FORMATION
The Middle Proterozoic Yellowjacket Formation is located in east-central Idaho within the Idaho Batholith (Figure 1). This formation is divided into three units, including the lower, middle, and upper units (Figure ). As noted by Evans (1), the lower unit is primarily made up of gray and greenish-gray siltite and argillaceous siltite with minor carbonate strata. The siltite is finely laminated and cross-laminated with bedding typically ranging from 5 to 0 centimeters. Directional and oscillatory ripple marks are well preserved. This unit was most likely deposited in a subaerial or shallow-water environment. The Hoodoo Quartzite, originally thought to be part of the lower unit but now recognized as a separate and distinct unit, forms a 1,100 m thick tongue in the lower unit and. Bedding is generally massive and ranges from 8 to 100 cm.
The middle unit is composed of light gray pairs of siltite or fine quartzite layers with alternating black argillite layers ranging from 0.5 to 10 cm (Evans, 1). On the east side of the White Ledge Fault, the middle unit has been preserved, but on the west side of the fault it has been removed by erosion. Silt and sand dikelets penetrate down into cracks that have formed in the argillite layers. This unit was probably deposited in a shallow marine environment.
Figure . Simplified geologic map of the Salmon River Mountains between Yellowjacket and Salmon (Evans, 1).
The upper unit is made up of light to dark gray, very fine to medium-grained feldspar and biotite quartzite with planar cross beds and a hummocky cross-stratification (Evans, 1). The bedding ranges from 10 to 100 cm thick. Ripple marks range from a few centimeters to tens of centimeters, with the high-energy features indicating a shallow marine to intertidal depositional environment.
The Yellowjacket Formation is best known for its cobalt, copper, and gold deposits mined by the Blackpine and Salmon Canyon Copper Company mines (Evans, 1). Geochemical studies indicate two stratigraphically distinct zones of mineral strata located in the upper middle unit and the lower upper unit. However, the age of the Yellowjacket Formation is still in contention. Pb07/Pb06 ratios indicate ages of 1,670 Ma and 1,700 Ma for two different samples of zircon from biotite, but U-Pb methods suggest an age of 1,70 Ma (Evans, 1). Still other dating methods indicate dates ranging from 71 Ma to 75 Ma (Evans, 1). These dating inconsistencies serve to confirm that more studies are required before reliable dates can be assigned to the Yellowjacket Formation.
CONCLUSION
The historical, geographical, and geological significance of the Idaho Batholith has been well-established by historians and geologists alike. The rugged terrain of the Batholith and the wild waters of the Salmon River are enjoyed by outdoor enthusiasts all over the world. The origin of the Batholith continues to be of great interest to professional geologists and students of geology. Understanding the stratigraphical relationships between the geological units such as the Yellowjacket Formation within the Batholith presents a challenge for geologists, and much more work is needed to accurately establish dates for these units.
REFERENCES
Evans, K. V., 1, Yellowjacket Formation of East-Central Idaho, Belt Symposium III, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Special Publication 11, p. 17-0.
Lewis, R. S., Burmester, R. F., and Bennett, E. H., 1, Metasedimentary Rocks
Between the Bitterroot and Atlanta Lobes of the Idaho Batholith and Their
Relationship to the Belt Supergroup, Belt Symposium, III, Montana Bureau of
Mines and Geology, Special Publication 11, p.10-144.
Link, P. K., and Phoenix, E. C., 14, Rocks, Rails, and Trails Pocatello, Idaho State University, 18 p.
Arrington, L. J., 14, History of Idaho Moscow, University of Idaho Press, 5 p.
Alt, D., and Hyndman, D. W., 15, Northwest Exposures A Geologic Story of the Northwest Missoula, Mountain Press Publishing Company, 44 p.
Mind that the sample papers like THE IDAHO BATHOLITH AND YELLOWJACKET FORMATION presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
THE IDAHO BATHOLITH AND YELLOWJACKET FORMATION
INTRODUCTION
The Idaho Batholith, located in central Idaho, has some of the most rugged and remote terrain in North America. The Idaho Batholith extends north from the Frank Church Wilderness Area, through the Salmon-Challis national Forest, and terminates in north-central Idaho (Figure 1). It extends east from the Washington-Idaho border to the Idaho-Montana border.
The Idaho Batholith has had historical importance for Idahoans since Statehood in July , 180 (Arrington, 14). The Batholith served as a near-impassable obstacle for the early northern Statesmen, especially in the winter months. In order to attend State House and Senate meetings in Boise, Statesmen would generally travel to Seattle where they would then take a ship down the coast, up the Columbia River, and along the Snake River (Arrington, 14). This was a long and arduous trip, forcing the Statesmen to be away from home for months, and in many cases, all winter long. This caused a little discontent between the northerners and the rest of the state, to say the least.
The rugged terrain of the Idaho Batholith is the result of millions of years of violent geologic events and is the roots of an eroded away continental volcanic arc of late Cretaceous age (Alt and Hyndman, 15). The geologic history has been of great interest to geologists and students of geology for decades, and the rugged terrain and wild waters of the Salmon River have been an enjoyment for outdoorsmen for decades. This paper will discuss the origin of the Idaho Batholith and one of the most significant geologic formations in the Batholith, the Yellowjacket Formation. The Yellowjacket Formation is one of the most studied, yet most controversial, units of the Batholith.
Figure 1. Distribution of known and inferred Yellowjacket Formation (modified from Evans, 1).
PRECAMBRIAN THROUGH NEOGENE HISTORY
In order to understand the origin of the Idaho Batholith, the early geologic history of the West Coast, particularly Idaho, must be considered. In the late Precambrian Era, the West Coast, including Washington, Oregon, and California, were on the ocean basin floor and Idaho was on the miogeoclinal sediment shelf. Montana, Wyoming and the rest of North America were a shallow marine environment. As the Pacific oceanic plate subducted under the North American plate, a volcanic island arc, with a back-arc basin between the ancestral Washington-Idaho area, was built. This event occurred during the Ordovician and Early Devonian periods and created what is now called the Columbian Arc. As time progressed, the Farallon Plate began to subduct under the ocean basin floor. This created the North Cascade Island Arc, and Washington began to take shape. Further subduction of the Farallon Plate forced Washington closer to Idaho, as accretion and associated geologic forces started to build mountains, and the mountainous terrain of Idaho began to take shape.
THE IDAHO BATHOLITH
The Idaho Batholith is actually two lobes, the southern Atlanta lobe and the northern Bitterroot Lobe, separated by the Proterozoic metamorphic rocks of the Salmon River Arc (Lewis et al., 1). These two huge granitic plutons were forced to the surface during mountain building events in the late Cretaceous (75 Ma to 100 Ma). They have since been eroded and carved into a rugged and wild landscape by the forces of nature including wind, water, and ice. After the Batholith intrusion, the compressional forces began to relax. As noted by Link and Phoenix, 14), the processes of uplift and thinning of the thickened crust resulted in the high-grade metamorphic lower crust deforming against the low-grade metamorphic upper crust. This produced the metamorphic core complexes found along the length of the North American Cordillera. For example, the Pioneer Mountains are one of these metamorphic core complexes.
THE YELLOWJACKET FORMATION
The Middle Proterozoic Yellowjacket Formation is located in east-central Idaho within the Idaho Batholith (Figure 1). This formation is divided into three units, including the lower, middle, and upper units (Figure ). As noted by Evans (1), the lower unit is primarily made up of gray and greenish-gray siltite and argillaceous siltite with minor carbonate strata. The siltite is finely laminated and cross-laminated with bedding typically ranging from 5 to 0 centimeters. Directional and oscillatory ripple marks are well preserved. This unit was most likely deposited in a subaerial or shallow-water environment. The Hoodoo Quartzite, originally thought to be part of the lower unit but now recognized as a separate and distinct unit, forms a 1,100 m thick tongue in the lower unit and. Bedding is generally massive and ranges from 8 to 100 cm.
The middle unit is composed of light gray pairs of siltite or fine quartzite layers with alternating black argillite layers ranging from 0.5 to 10 cm (Evans, 1). On the east side of the White Ledge Fault, the middle unit has been preserved, but on the west side of the fault it has been removed by erosion. Silt and sand dikelets penetrate down into cracks that have formed in the argillite layers. This unit was probably deposited in a shallow marine environment.
Figure . Simplified geologic map of the Salmon River Mountains between Yellowjacket and Salmon (Evans, 1).
The upper unit is made up of light to dark gray, very fine to medium-grained feldspar and biotite quartzite with planar cross beds and a hummocky cross-stratification (Evans, 1). The bedding ranges from 10 to 100 cm thick. Ripple marks range from a few centimeters to tens of centimeters, with the high-energy features indicating a shallow marine to intertidal depositional environment.
The Yellowjacket Formation is best known for its cobalt, copper, and gold deposits mined by the Blackpine and Salmon Canyon Copper Company mines (Evans, 1). Geochemical studies indicate two stratigraphically distinct zones of mineral strata located in the upper middle unit and the lower upper unit. However, the age of the Yellowjacket Formation is still in contention. Pb07/Pb06 ratios indicate ages of 1,670 Ma and 1,700 Ma for two different samples of zircon from biotite, but U-Pb methods suggest an age of 1,70 Ma (Evans, 1). Still other dating methods indicate dates ranging from 71 Ma to 75 Ma (Evans, 1). These dating inconsistencies serve to confirm that more studies are required before reliable dates can be assigned to the Yellowjacket Formation.
CONCLUSION
The historical, geographical, and geological significance of the Idaho Batholith has been well-established by historians and geologists alike. The rugged terrain of the Batholith and the wild waters of the Salmon River are enjoyed by outdoor enthusiasts all over the world. The origin of the Batholith continues to be of great interest to professional geologists and students of geology. Understanding the stratigraphical relationships between the geological units such as the Yellowjacket Formation within the Batholith presents a challenge for geologists, and much more work is needed to accurately establish dates for these units.
REFERENCES
Evans, K. V., 1, Yellowjacket Formation of East-Central Idaho, Belt Symposium III, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Special Publication 11, p. 17-0.
Lewis, R. S., Burmester, R. F., and Bennett, E. H., 1, Metasedimentary Rocks
Between the Bitterroot and Atlanta Lobes of the Idaho Batholith and Their
Relationship to the Belt Supergroup, Belt Symposium, III, Montana Bureau of
Mines and Geology, Special Publication 11, p.10-144.
Link, P. K., and Phoenix, E. C., 14, Rocks, Rails, and Trails Pocatello, Idaho State University, 18 p.
Arrington, L. J., 14, History of Idaho Moscow, University of Idaho Press, 5 p.
Alt, D., and Hyndman, D. W., 15, Northwest Exposures A Geologic Story of the Northwest Missoula, Mountain Press Publishing Company, 44 p.
Mind that the sample papers like THE IDAHO BATHOLITH AND YELLOWJACKET FORMATION presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Monday, October 22, 2012
Environmentally changing an individual through literature
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Environmentally changing an individual through literature even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Environmentally changing an individual through literature in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Environmentally Changing an Individual through Literature
Continent, city, country, and society the choice is never wide and never free to the individual. Where one lives their life is where they are shaped whether it be comfortably or not. Changes are made to conform ones individuality to better their society. My Antonia, Black Boy and Thirty Years from Now all show an individual transforming or seeking a way to fit into their society to an extent.
Each piece of literature’s characters differed in the degree of changing to the individual. Each character was also put into different situations. In Black Boy Richard changed his environment instead of shaping himself to fit into his society. Although various moves to different places sometimes only eased the pain momentarily of living in a racist world, his extent of changing was zero percent as an adult. Richard viewed the world as unjust and say many whites as being racists and unlawful.
Our too-young and too-new America ... insists upon seeing the world in terms of good and bad, the holy and the evil, the high and the low, the white and the black.... It hugs the easy way of damning those whom it cannot understand, of excluding those who look different, and it salves its conscience with a self-draped cloak of righteousness. Am I damning my native land? No; for I, too, share these faults of character! (7-7)
Yet Richard knew he obtained many of the same qualities. Richard never changed himself after acknowledging his flaws. Susan Sontag who didn’t changed herself to fit into a society. Through out her writing there are many unvague statements that prove that she did not changed her style of writing to conform to the pressure of the ever-changing society.
My idea of a writer someone interested in everything…therefore everyone your reading touches enjoy it… no matter what it is about. You can relate to all of society…Yet I wanted to be a writer…so I gave up hating many aspects of this Earth…so it was natural for me to conceive of the vocation of a writer this way…my change for society…to be a writer would help me find more scope in this great metropolis…the only surprise was that there weren’t many people like me…so change was a necessity (67-68)
In Thirty Years from Now Susan demonstrates the harshness to not be compliant to the press as well as the people wanting. She takes upon quitting school to just find herself happiness.
The radical change I’d made in my own life, a change embedded in my moving to New York, was that I was not going to settle for being an academic…The freedoms I espoused, the ardors I was advocating, seemed to me-still seem to me-quite traditional…I saw myself as a newly minted warrior in a very old battle against philistinism, against ethical and aesthetic shallowness and indifference (6).
Susan’s move physically and emotionally help better equip her for the optune changes that lay ahead of her. In My Antonia Antonia is an independent dreamer who knew the only way to receive what she desired was to move herself. After her move to Nebraska she obtained a big family and happiness without ever changing her heart and soul desires. Ms. Harling is viewed as the society towards Antonia. For example she looks down upon Antonia for going to the dances and being a teenager. She wishes for her to learn how not to be “one of those people”. Ms. Harling is the main pressure for Antonia to alter. In order for Antonia to not give into pressures of society she realizes that fleeing her hometown is the only way to evade the pressure without transforming her individuality. Yet, unlike Richard who obtained stubborn qualities Antonia, once fled, changes her ways to conform to her new society and new love. Antonia’s characters extent of how the society would shape her is its ok to change if it makes ones soul happy and warm. Richard feels that no matter what stay true to oneself and changing for society is unlawful if given the choice. While Susan feels that in order to obtain happiness, gratitude and money changing for ones society is insecure and intolerable. Drastic changes such as moving home somewhere new, without conforming to unwanted society is what it needed to keep oneself then change is accepted was the motto for all characters.
Richard, Susan and Antonia endured unrightfully judgments from society and without changing to conform to societies desires they all managed to find happiness along the way. The judgments of taste expressed in these pieces of literature may have prevailed in times but their underlying values of those judgments did not. The extent that society can change an individual differs from person to person.
Mind that the sample papers like Environmentally changing an individual through literature presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Environmentally Changing an Individual through Literature
Continent, city, country, and society the choice is never wide and never free to the individual. Where one lives their life is where they are shaped whether it be comfortably or not. Changes are made to conform ones individuality to better their society. My Antonia, Black Boy and Thirty Years from Now all show an individual transforming or seeking a way to fit into their society to an extent.
Each piece of literature’s characters differed in the degree of changing to the individual. Each character was also put into different situations. In Black Boy Richard changed his environment instead of shaping himself to fit into his society. Although various moves to different places sometimes only eased the pain momentarily of living in a racist world, his extent of changing was zero percent as an adult. Richard viewed the world as unjust and say many whites as being racists and unlawful.
Our too-young and too-new America ... insists upon seeing the world in terms of good and bad, the holy and the evil, the high and the low, the white and the black.... It hugs the easy way of damning those whom it cannot understand, of excluding those who look different, and it salves its conscience with a self-draped cloak of righteousness. Am I damning my native land? No; for I, too, share these faults of character! (7-7)
Yet Richard knew he obtained many of the same qualities. Richard never changed himself after acknowledging his flaws. Susan Sontag who didn’t changed herself to fit into a society. Through out her writing there are many unvague statements that prove that she did not changed her style of writing to conform to the pressure of the ever-changing society.
My idea of a writer someone interested in everything…therefore everyone your reading touches enjoy it… no matter what it is about. You can relate to all of society…Yet I wanted to be a writer…so I gave up hating many aspects of this Earth…so it was natural for me to conceive of the vocation of a writer this way…my change for society…to be a writer would help me find more scope in this great metropolis…the only surprise was that there weren’t many people like me…so change was a necessity (67-68)
In Thirty Years from Now Susan demonstrates the harshness to not be compliant to the press as well as the people wanting. She takes upon quitting school to just find herself happiness.
The radical change I’d made in my own life, a change embedded in my moving to New York, was that I was not going to settle for being an academic…The freedoms I espoused, the ardors I was advocating, seemed to me-still seem to me-quite traditional…I saw myself as a newly minted warrior in a very old battle against philistinism, against ethical and aesthetic shallowness and indifference (6).
Susan’s move physically and emotionally help better equip her for the optune changes that lay ahead of her. In My Antonia Antonia is an independent dreamer who knew the only way to receive what she desired was to move herself. After her move to Nebraska she obtained a big family and happiness without ever changing her heart and soul desires. Ms. Harling is viewed as the society towards Antonia. For example she looks down upon Antonia for going to the dances and being a teenager. She wishes for her to learn how not to be “one of those people”. Ms. Harling is the main pressure for Antonia to alter. In order for Antonia to not give into pressures of society she realizes that fleeing her hometown is the only way to evade the pressure without transforming her individuality. Yet, unlike Richard who obtained stubborn qualities Antonia, once fled, changes her ways to conform to her new society and new love. Antonia’s characters extent of how the society would shape her is its ok to change if it makes ones soul happy and warm. Richard feels that no matter what stay true to oneself and changing for society is unlawful if given the choice. While Susan feels that in order to obtain happiness, gratitude and money changing for ones society is insecure and intolerable. Drastic changes such as moving home somewhere new, without conforming to unwanted society is what it needed to keep oneself then change is accepted was the motto for all characters.
Richard, Susan and Antonia endured unrightfully judgments from society and without changing to conform to societies desires they all managed to find happiness along the way. The judgments of taste expressed in these pieces of literature may have prevailed in times but their underlying values of those judgments did not. The extent that society can change an individual differs from person to person.
Mind that the sample papers like Environmentally changing an individual through literature presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
december
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like december even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like december in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Sir Francis Drake
by Lionel Ashcroft
Francis Drake sailed across from England in a voyage that would take him around the world in three years. He sailed under secret orders from Queen Elizabeth, who privately allowed him to attack the Spanish, while publicly denying knowledge of his actions. He started out with three ships the Pelican, the Elizabeth and the little thirty ton Marigold.
They all crossed the Atlantic and sailed south down to the Straights of Magellen. Here Drake got through in only 16 days but the Elizabeth got lost and the Marigold foundered, leaving only the Pelican with 58 men on board to sail up the coast of Chile and Peru. Changing the name to the Golden Hind they anchored in Lima, Peru among 50 or so other ships and found out that a great Spanish treasure ship was just leaving for Panama. Drake chased it and captured all the gold, silver and spices on board. He then continued going north up the coast pursued by Spanish ships, he outdistanced them and hoping to find a northern passage back across to England continued up to what is now British Columbia. His sails and rigging froze and the coast was pushing them further west away from the direction they had hoped to go. Eventually they turned round and came back down the coast to California. Drake had captured a Spanish map that showed a way across the Pacific, but before he set out across an unknown ocean he had to stop and repair his ship.
Drake chose to anchor in a natural harbor whose yellow cliffs he glimpsed through the summer fog of the Marin coast. He is generally considered to have landed at what is known as Drakes Beach (though this location has been disputed), where he stayed to repair his leaky ship for six weeks. During this time he had ample opportunity to observe the natives, treating them with friendship who in turn greeted him with great honor. We are fortunate that Chaplain Fletcher on board the Golden Hind kept a meticulous diary of the whole voyage in a book called “The World Encompassed”. The book was written by Drakes nephew (also named Sir Francis Drake) printed in 168 and was an enormous Elizabethan success.
The book recounts in detail the observations of Fletcher on the customs and lifestyles of the Miwok Indians, providing valuable information on the period prior to any contact with non native people. The language and printing of the book are Elizabethan so these extracts have been modernized. They represent about half of the total entry on Drakes stay in Marin.
June 17, 157
In 8 deg.0 min. We fell in with a fit and convenient harbor and June 17, came to anchor there, where we stayed till the July. During all which time, not withstanding it was the height of summer, we were continually visited with nipping cold, neither could we at any time within a fourteen day period find the air so clear as to be able to take height the sun or stars.
The next day after our coming to anchor, the people of the country showed themselves; sending off a man with great expedition to us in a canoe. Who but being a little from the shore and a great way from our ship began to speak to us continually as he came rowing on. At last at a reasonable distance he stopped and began a solemn, long and tedious oration, using many gestures and signs and after returned to the shore again. He brought with him (as a present from the rest)a bunch of feathers, much like the feathers of a black crow, very neat and artificially gathered on a string and drawn around into a bundle; being very clean and finely cut, each equal length with the other, which they (as we after observed) who guard the king wear. They also brought a little basket of an herb they call “tabah,” both of which being tied to a short rod he cast into our boat Our General (Drake) sough to recompense him but he refused anything but a hat we threw into the water.
The third day having received a leak at sea our ship was brought nearer the shore, so that her goods being landed the ship could be repaired. Our General first landed all his men with all provisions to build tents and make a fort for the defense of ourselves and goods.
At this time, being willed by signs to lay from them their bows and arrows, they did as they were directed and so did all the rest coming by more and more to a great number both of men and women. Nothing could persuade them or remove that opinion, which they had conceived of us, that we should be gods.
In recompense of those things which they had received from us shirts, linen and cloth, they bestowed on our General feathers, capes of network, quivers of arrows made of fawn skin and other skins the women wore.
Having thus had their fill of visiting and looking at us they departed with joy to their houses which are dug round in the earth and have from the uppermost rim of the circle poles of wood set up and joined close at the top like our spires on a church, which being covered with earth allow no water to enter and are very warm, the door in the most of the also serves as a chimney to let out the smoke. Their beds are the hard ground only with rushes strewn upon it and lying around about the house they have their fire in the middle which gives a marvelous reflection to their bodies to heat the same.
Their men for the most part go naked, and the women take tule reeds and combing it after the manner of hemp make themselves a loose garment which knitted about their middle hangs down about their hips, they also wear deerskin. They are very obedient to their husbands.
At the end of three days were assembled a greatest number of people who we guessed lived in the area. Amongst them was the king himself, a man of goodly stature and handsome with his guard of about 100 tall and warlike men who this day came to see us. After two Ambassadors were sent to let us know the king desired to see us and the General giving them a gift for the king as a sign of peace, they returned a soon their king came forward with his train. They cried continually in a singing manner with a lusty courage and as they drew nearer they adopted a certain gravity in all their actions. In the front came a large man bearing a scepter (made of black wood about four feet long). Hanging from it were two crowns with three chains of a marvelous length and often doubled and a bag of Tabah. The crowns were made of knit work, wrought upon most curiously with feathers if different colors, very artificially placed and of a formal fashion.
The chains seemed to be of a bony substance; every link being very little, thin and most finely burnished, with a small hole pierced through the middle in a manner infinite. Persons are limited what number they wear, some ten some twenty depending their rank and honor.
The king had on his head a cowl of knit work made somewhat like the crowns; upon his shoulders he had a coat of rabbit fur (or squirrel). His guard had coats of the same shape, but of other skins some having cowls with feathers or down which grows on a herb like our lettuce. After these were the naked sort of common people, whose hair being long did gather in a bunch behind, in which plumes of feathers were stuck. but in the front only one feather which they wore as they pleased.
Every one had his face painted, some white, some black and some with other colors and each man had for us a present or gift of some kind. The last part were the women and children each women carrying one or two round baskets and bags of Tabah and a root called Petah, which they make a kind of meal, fish, seeds and the down mentioned before. Their baskets are made like a deep bowl and though made of rushes would hold water, about the brims were hung pieces of pearl shell two or three links at once and worked with down of red feathers.
They are a people of a tractable, free and loving nature, without guile or treachery; their bows and arrows(their only weapons) they use very skillfully, but yet not to do any great harm with them. They are so strong of body that which two or three our men could hardly carry they could pick up and carry an English mile; they are swift in running and for long periods and seldom walk but for the most part run. If they chanced to see a fish near the shore they seldom miss the chance to catch it.
The inland we found to be far different from the shore, a goodly country stored with many blessings for man. Fat deer by the thousands, a multitude of small creatures that resemble rabbits, the people eat them and use the skins.
Our general caused to be set up a monument of our being there; as also of her majesty (Queen Elizabeth) and successors right and title to that kingdom, namely a plate of brass, fast nail to a great and firm post; where upon is engraved her graces name and the day and year of our arrival there....her picture and arms in a sixpence put in a hole in the plate underneath which was engraved the name of our General.
Mind that the sample papers like december presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Sir Francis Drake
by Lionel Ashcroft
Francis Drake sailed across from England in a voyage that would take him around the world in three years. He sailed under secret orders from Queen Elizabeth, who privately allowed him to attack the Spanish, while publicly denying knowledge of his actions. He started out with three ships the Pelican, the Elizabeth and the little thirty ton Marigold.
They all crossed the Atlantic and sailed south down to the Straights of Magellen. Here Drake got through in only 16 days but the Elizabeth got lost and the Marigold foundered, leaving only the Pelican with 58 men on board to sail up the coast of Chile and Peru. Changing the name to the Golden Hind they anchored in Lima, Peru among 50 or so other ships and found out that a great Spanish treasure ship was just leaving for Panama. Drake chased it and captured all the gold, silver and spices on board. He then continued going north up the coast pursued by Spanish ships, he outdistanced them and hoping to find a northern passage back across to England continued up to what is now British Columbia. His sails and rigging froze and the coast was pushing them further west away from the direction they had hoped to go. Eventually they turned round and came back down the coast to California. Drake had captured a Spanish map that showed a way across the Pacific, but before he set out across an unknown ocean he had to stop and repair his ship.
Drake chose to anchor in a natural harbor whose yellow cliffs he glimpsed through the summer fog of the Marin coast. He is generally considered to have landed at what is known as Drakes Beach (though this location has been disputed), where he stayed to repair his leaky ship for six weeks. During this time he had ample opportunity to observe the natives, treating them with friendship who in turn greeted him with great honor. We are fortunate that Chaplain Fletcher on board the Golden Hind kept a meticulous diary of the whole voyage in a book called “The World Encompassed”. The book was written by Drakes nephew (also named Sir Francis Drake) printed in 168 and was an enormous Elizabethan success.
The book recounts in detail the observations of Fletcher on the customs and lifestyles of the Miwok Indians, providing valuable information on the period prior to any contact with non native people. The language and printing of the book are Elizabethan so these extracts have been modernized. They represent about half of the total entry on Drakes stay in Marin.
June 17, 157
In 8 deg.0 min. We fell in with a fit and convenient harbor and June 17, came to anchor there, where we stayed till the July. During all which time, not withstanding it was the height of summer, we were continually visited with nipping cold, neither could we at any time within a fourteen day period find the air so clear as to be able to take height the sun or stars.
The next day after our coming to anchor, the people of the country showed themselves; sending off a man with great expedition to us in a canoe. Who but being a little from the shore and a great way from our ship began to speak to us continually as he came rowing on. At last at a reasonable distance he stopped and began a solemn, long and tedious oration, using many gestures and signs and after returned to the shore again. He brought with him (as a present from the rest)a bunch of feathers, much like the feathers of a black crow, very neat and artificially gathered on a string and drawn around into a bundle; being very clean and finely cut, each equal length with the other, which they (as we after observed) who guard the king wear. They also brought a little basket of an herb they call “tabah,” both of which being tied to a short rod he cast into our boat Our General (Drake) sough to recompense him but he refused anything but a hat we threw into the water.
The third day having received a leak at sea our ship was brought nearer the shore, so that her goods being landed the ship could be repaired. Our General first landed all his men with all provisions to build tents and make a fort for the defense of ourselves and goods.
At this time, being willed by signs to lay from them their bows and arrows, they did as they were directed and so did all the rest coming by more and more to a great number both of men and women. Nothing could persuade them or remove that opinion, which they had conceived of us, that we should be gods.
In recompense of those things which they had received from us shirts, linen and cloth, they bestowed on our General feathers, capes of network, quivers of arrows made of fawn skin and other skins the women wore.
Having thus had their fill of visiting and looking at us they departed with joy to their houses which are dug round in the earth and have from the uppermost rim of the circle poles of wood set up and joined close at the top like our spires on a church, which being covered with earth allow no water to enter and are very warm, the door in the most of the also serves as a chimney to let out the smoke. Their beds are the hard ground only with rushes strewn upon it and lying around about the house they have their fire in the middle which gives a marvelous reflection to their bodies to heat the same.
Their men for the most part go naked, and the women take tule reeds and combing it after the manner of hemp make themselves a loose garment which knitted about their middle hangs down about their hips, they also wear deerskin. They are very obedient to their husbands.
At the end of three days were assembled a greatest number of people who we guessed lived in the area. Amongst them was the king himself, a man of goodly stature and handsome with his guard of about 100 tall and warlike men who this day came to see us. After two Ambassadors were sent to let us know the king desired to see us and the General giving them a gift for the king as a sign of peace, they returned a soon their king came forward with his train. They cried continually in a singing manner with a lusty courage and as they drew nearer they adopted a certain gravity in all their actions. In the front came a large man bearing a scepter (made of black wood about four feet long). Hanging from it were two crowns with three chains of a marvelous length and often doubled and a bag of Tabah. The crowns were made of knit work, wrought upon most curiously with feathers if different colors, very artificially placed and of a formal fashion.
The chains seemed to be of a bony substance; every link being very little, thin and most finely burnished, with a small hole pierced through the middle in a manner infinite. Persons are limited what number they wear, some ten some twenty depending their rank and honor.
The king had on his head a cowl of knit work made somewhat like the crowns; upon his shoulders he had a coat of rabbit fur (or squirrel). His guard had coats of the same shape, but of other skins some having cowls with feathers or down which grows on a herb like our lettuce. After these were the naked sort of common people, whose hair being long did gather in a bunch behind, in which plumes of feathers were stuck. but in the front only one feather which they wore as they pleased.
Every one had his face painted, some white, some black and some with other colors and each man had for us a present or gift of some kind. The last part were the women and children each women carrying one or two round baskets and bags of Tabah and a root called Petah, which they make a kind of meal, fish, seeds and the down mentioned before. Their baskets are made like a deep bowl and though made of rushes would hold water, about the brims were hung pieces of pearl shell two or three links at once and worked with down of red feathers.
They are a people of a tractable, free and loving nature, without guile or treachery; their bows and arrows(their only weapons) they use very skillfully, but yet not to do any great harm with them. They are so strong of body that which two or three our men could hardly carry they could pick up and carry an English mile; they are swift in running and for long periods and seldom walk but for the most part run. If they chanced to see a fish near the shore they seldom miss the chance to catch it.
The inland we found to be far different from the shore, a goodly country stored with many blessings for man. Fat deer by the thousands, a multitude of small creatures that resemble rabbits, the people eat them and use the skins.
Our general caused to be set up a monument of our being there; as also of her majesty (Queen Elizabeth) and successors right and title to that kingdom, namely a plate of brass, fast nail to a great and firm post; where upon is engraved her graces name and the day and year of our arrival there....her picture and arms in a sixpence put in a hole in the plate underneath which was engraved the name of our General.
Mind that the sample papers like december presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
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