sheep in the light

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Group Membership


More on Group Dynamics


Motto


n People would generally much rather depend upon a leader to tell them what to do than determine that for themselves.


Do my coursework


M. Scott Peck, M.D.


n The best way to get things done is not to mind who gets credit for doing them


Benjamin Jowett


Lecture Outline


n Group Roles


n Group Norms


n Group Cohesiveness


n Group Goals


n Group’s member personal qualities


Group roles defined


n The concept of role, borrowed from the theatre, refers to the character an actor portrays in a play.


n Similarly, in a group, it is a position an individual takes as a member of a group.


Group roles


n Groups vary in what they consider necessary roles in the group and how these roles will be distributed.


n Highly structured groups may assign roles (i.e. leader and recorder role).


n Less formal groups may have members interchanging roles (role specialization occurs later).


n Social groups, where roles are flexible, may expect certain behaviors from members.


Types of roles


n In general there are three basic types of roles


n Individuals working for their own agenda (individual roles)


n Individuals helping with the task (task roles)


n Individuals helping maintain relationships (maintenance roles)


Possible roles in a group


n Leader


n Tension releaser


n Information provider


n Central negative


Remaining roles


n Questioner


n Silent observer


n Active listener


n Self-centered follower


Roles and Status


n Roles ¨ Status


n Status can be


n Ascribed


n Acquired


Status and Communication


n Status ¨ Communication within the group


n Addressee / Receiver


n Number of messages


n Quality


n Pattern


Roles and Identity


n Roles ¨ Identity


n An individual’s identity is a large component of all groups ability to maintain themselves.


How can individuals contribute to the group?


n Through their ability to recognize - and, if necessary, change - the group’s norms;


n Through their willingness to help the group develop appropriate goals;


n Through their credibility and sensitivity they can bring to the group.


Group Norms


n A pattern of behavior


n Norms = A standard of value or belief that in turn influences the person’s behavior





n An individual contributes to a group when he or she helps to change unproductive norms to more productive ones.


How do norms develop


n Beliefs / values members bring to the team


n Explicit statements � leader repeats values/goals


n Critical events in team’s history � triggers new norm to avoid future problems


n Primacy effect � initial team experiences


Conformity to norms


n Based on group’s power over its members


n Direct and anticipated pressure or rewards for continued membership


Changing Group / Team Norms


Cohesiveness


n Cohesiveness = the sense of attachment that members feel for the team, the bonding between the group members.


Group / Team Cohesiveness


Consequences of group cohesiveness


n More motivated to maintain membership


n More information sharing


n Stronger interpersonal bonds


n Conflict solved more swiftly and effectively


n Members more satisfied, less stressed


Cohesiveness and task performance


n Cohesive teams potentially perform better � less conflict


n Norms must be consistent with organizational goals


n Lower performance when team is cohesive, but norms oppose organizational goals


Group Goals


n Just as with individuals, groups also are motivated by the need to accomplish some aim, whether it is a long-range goal or several short-term objectives.


n In ideal circumstances


Your goals = group goals


n Reality


Your goals ‚ group goals


Personal Qualities


n Important to group success


n Some of the most relevant for groups


n Credibility


n Trustworthiness


n Competence


n Sensitivity





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